Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

　　Passage One

　　Questions 46 and 50 are based on the following passage.

　　That people often experience trouble sleeping in a different bed in unfamiliar surroundings is a phenomenon known as the “first-night” effect. If a person stays in the same room the following night they tend to sleep more soundly. Yuka Sasaki and her colleagues at Brown University set out to investigate the origins of this effect.

　　Dr. Sasaki knew the first-night effect probably has something to do with how humans evolved. The puzzle was what benefit would be gained from it when performance might be affected the following day. She also knew from previous work conducted on birds and dolphins that these animals put half of their brains to sleep at a time so that they can rest while remaining alert enough to avoid predators (捕食者). This led her to wonder if people might be doing the same thing. To take a closer look, her team studied 35 healthy people as they slept in the unfamiliar environment of the university’s Department of Psychological Sciences. The participants each slept in the department for two nights and were carefully monitored with techniques that looked at the activity of their brains. Dr. Sasaki found, as expected, the participants slept less well on their first night than they did on their second, taking more than twice as long to fall asleep and sleeping less overall. During deep sleep, the participants’ brains behaved in a similar manner seen in birds and dolphins. On the first night only, the left hemispheres (半球) of their brains did not sleep nearly as deeply as their right hemispheres did.

　　Curious if the left hemispheres were indeed remaining awake to process information detected in the surrounding environment, Dr. Sasaki re-ran the experiment while presenting the sleeping participants with a mix of regularly timed beeps (蜂鳴聲) of the same tone and irregular beeps of a different tone during the night. She worked out that, if the left hemisphere was staying alert to keep guard in a strange environment, then it would react to the irregular beeps by stirring people from sleep and would ignore the regularly timed ones. This is precisely what she found.

　　46. What did researchers find puzzling about the first-night effect?

　　A) To what extent it can trouble people. C) What circumstances may trigger it.

　　B) What role it has played in evolution. D) In what way it can be beneficial.

　　47. What do we learn about Dr. Yuka Sasaki doing her research?

　　A) She found birds and dolphins remain alert while asleep.

　　B) She found birds and dolphins sleep in much the same way.

　　C) She got some idea from previous studies on birds and dolphins

　　D) She conducted studies on birds’ and dolphins’ sleeping patterns.

　　48. What did Dr. Sasaki do when she first did her experiment?

　　A) She monitored the brain activity of participants sleeping in a new environment.

　　B) She recruited 35 participants from her Department of Psychological Sciences.

　　C) She studied the differences between the two sides of participants’ brains.

　　D) She tested her findings about birds and dolphins on human subjects.

　　49. What did Dr. Sasaki do when re-running her experiment?

　　A) She analyzed the negative effect of irregular tones on brains.

　　B) She recorded participants’ adaptation to changed environment.

　　C) She exposed her participants to two different stimuli.

　　D) She compared the responses of different participants.

　　50. What did Dr. Sasaki find about the participants in her experiment?

　　A) They tended to enjoy certain tones more than others.

　　B) They tended to perceive irregular beeps as a threat.

　　C) They felt sleepy when exposed to regular beeps.

　　D) They differed in their tolerance of irregular tones.

　　Passage Two

　　Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.

　　It’s time to reevaluate how women handle conflict at work. Being overworked or over-committed at home and on the job will not get you where you want to be in life. It will only slow you down and hinder your career goals.

　　Did you know women are more likely than men to feel exhausted? Nearly twice as many women than men ages 18-44 reported feeling “very tired” or “exhausted”, according to a recent study.

　　This may not be surprising given that this is the age range when women have children. It's also the age range when many women are trying to balance careers and home. One reason women may feel exhausted is that they have a hard time saying "no." Women want to be able todo it all volunteer for school parties or cook delicious meals-and so their answer to any request is often “Yes, I can.”

　　Women struggle to say “no” in the workplace for similar reasons, including the desire to be liked by their colleagues. Unfortunately, this inability to say "no" may be hurting women's heath as well as their career.

　　At the workplace, men use conflict as a way to position themselves, while women often avoid conflict or strive to be the peacemaker, because they don't want to be viewed as aggressive or disruptive at work. For example, there’s a problem that needs to be addressed immediately, resulting in a dispute over should be the one to fix it. Men are more likely to face that dispute from the perspective of what benefits them most, whereas women may approach the same dispute from the perspective of what's the easiest and quickest way to resolve the problem-even

　　if that means doing the boring work themselves.

　　This difference in handling conflict could be the deciding factor on who gets promoted to a leadership position and who does not. Leaders have to be able to delegate and manage resources wisely – including staff expertise. Shouldering more of the workload may not earn you that promotion. Instead, it may highlight your inability to delegate effectively.

　　51. What does the author say is the problem with women?

　　A) They are often unclear about the career goals to reach.

　　B) They are usually more committed at home than on the job.

　　C) They tend to be over-optimistic about how far they could go.

　　D) They tend to push themselves beyond the limits of their ability.

　　52. Why do working women of child-bearing age tend to feel drained of energy?

　　A) They struggle to satisfy the demands of both work and home.

　　B) They are too devoted to work and unable to relax as a result.

　　C) They do their best to cooperate with their workmates.

　　D) They are obliged to take up too many responsibilities.

　　53. What may hinder the future prospects of career women?

　　A) Their unwillingness to say “no”.

　　B) Their desire to be considered powerful.

　　C) An underestimate of their own ability.

　　D) A lack of courage to face challenges.

　　54. Men and woman differ in their approach to resolving workplace conflicts in that______.

　　A) women tend to be easily satisfied

　　B) men are generally more persuasive

　　C) men tend to put their personal interests first

　　D) women are much more ready to compromise

　　55. What is important to a good leader?

　　A) A dominant personality. C) The courage to admit failure

　　B) The ability to delegate. D) A strong sense of responsibility.

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