2

Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories (1) ____ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior (2) ____ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through (3) ____ with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in (4) ____ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status (5) ____ as a rejection of middle-class values.

Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, (6) ____ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes (7) ____ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are (8) ____ to criticism.

Changes in the social structure may indirectly (9) ____ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that (10) ____ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment (11) ____ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in (12) ____ lead more youths into criminal behavior.

Families have also (13) ____ changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; (14) ____, children are likely to have less supervision at home (15) ____ was common in the traditional family (16) ____. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other (17) ____ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased (18) ____ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing (19) ____ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, (20) ____ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.

1.[A] acting　　[B] relying　　[C] centering　　[D] cementing

2.[A] before　　[B] unless　　[C] until　　[D] because

3. [A] interactions　　[B] assimilation　　[C] cooperation　　[D] consultation

4. [A] return　　[B] reply　　[C] reference　　[D] response

5. [A] or　　[B] but rather　　[C] but　　[D] or else

6.[A] considering　　[B] ignoring　　[C] highlighting　　[D] discarding

7. [A] on　　[B] in　　[C] for　　[D] with

8. [A] immune　　[B] resistant　　[C] sensitive　　[D] subject

9. [A] affect　　[B] reduce　　[C] chock　　[D] reflect

0. [A] point　　[B] lead　　[C] come　　[D] amount

11. [A] in general　　[B] on average　　[C] by contrast　　[D] at length

12. [A] case　　[B] short　　[C] turn　　[D] essence

13. [A] survived　　[B] noticed　　[C] undertaken　　[D] experienced

14. [A] contrarily　　[B] consequently　　[C] similarly　　[D] simultaneously

15. [A] than　　[B] that　　[C] which　　[D] as

16. [A] system　　[B] structure　　[C] concept　　[D] heritage

17. [A] assessable　　[B] identifiable　　[C] negligible　　[D] incredible

18. [A] expense　　[B] restriction　　[C] allocation　　[D] availability

19. [A] incidence　　[B] awareness　　[C] exposure　　[D] popularity

20. [A] provided　　[B] since　　[C] although　　[D] supposing