Passage Two
Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.
According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done”. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective wellbeings of a social groups members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.
Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give others and may discipline group members who inhibit（阻礙） attainment of the groups goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the difference in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.
62. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A） The problems faced by leaders.
B） How leadership differs in small and large groups.
C） How social groups determine who will lead them.
D） The role of leaders in social groups.
63. The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT .
A） recruitment
B） formal election process
C） specific leadership training
D） traditional cultural patterns
64. Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from paragraph 2?
A） person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another group.
B） Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.
C） A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership.
D） Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.
65. In mentioning “natural leaders” in line 7, the author is making the point that .
A） few people qualify as “natural leaders”
B） there is no proof that “natural leaders” exist
C） “natural leaders” are easily accepted by the members of a group
D） “natural leaders” share a similar set of characteristics
66. The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on .
A） ensuring harmonious relationships
B） sharing responsibility with group members
C） identifying new leaders
D） achieving a goal
Part Ⅴ Error Correction
Direction:This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You may have to change a word, add a word or delete a word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided. If you change a word, cross it out and write the correct word in thecorresponding blank. If you add a word, put an insertion mark （∧） in the right place and write the missing word in the blank. If you delete a word, cross it out and put a slash （/） in the blank.
When we speak of a human need, we mean something
which is unnecessary to life, something we can live with. 67
Food is a human need. We will starve to death if there 68
were no food on earth; but even if we have plenty of food,
but of the wrong kind, our bodies will have problem from
lack of the right food. This is known for malnutrition（營 69養不良）.
In countries where are not developed, man's food 70
needs are the same like in the most advanced societies. We 71
all need food and could live a good life on very few types of
food. People in very developed countries eat only the kinds 72
of food which can be grown near their homes, whereas
people in developed countries eat foods which are often
grown many thousands of miles away form their homes.
People in undeveloped countries are happy with less
different kinds of foods than people in very developed ones
are, so we can say that despite the needs of the two kinds 73
of people are the same, their wants are different. People in
very developed countries eat many different types of
meat—they could live by only one, but they would be very 74
unhappy because every time what they ate was the same.
Even such special foods like chicken would be less fun to 75
eat if you had them every day. But we can't just live on
meat—we need other kinds of food like bread, rice, and
vegetables which are no more necessary to our bodies. 76
Part ⅥTranslation （5 minutes）
Direction:Complete the sentences on Answer Sheet 2 by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.
提示:在實考試卷中，該試題在答題卡2上。
77. Jinling Hotel, where I stayed during my first visit to Nanjing, （座落在）on Hanzhong Road.
78. I am sure we can solve the problem if we all （集思廣益）.
79. Mary constantly （挑剔） her husband, which annoys him.
80. It is no good waiting for the bus, （我們不妨走回家吧）.
81. Prices are going up rapidly. Petrol now （現在汽油的價格是幾年前的兩倍）.
答案與解析
Part ⅠWriting
Dear Lawrence,
It has been five years since we met each other last time. How time flies! How are things with you? The happy time we spent together is always on my mind and I really hope to meet you again. As you know, Spring Festival, Lunar New Year, is the most favorable holiday for us Chinese. With its colorful and rich traditions, it is celebrated almost in every part of China. Everyone is indulged in the dominant atmosphere of joyous family reunion and with the fresh and vigorous look people greet the New Year.
The celebrations vary from place to place, but there are three traditions that have never differed throughout the country. First, the New Year's Eve dinner is a symbol of family reunion, with all family members sitting around the steaming table, tasting a variety of delicious food and wishing each other health, success and happiness. Second, people, during the holidays, will visit each other to express their best regards and wishes. And finally, we can enjoy the marvelous lion and dragon dances symbolizing happiness, good fortune and prosperity.
The day is drawing nearer, my families and I sincerely invite you to join us for this year's Spring Festival. If you'd like to, we can make further arrangements. Looking forward to your reply!
Yours,
Yuan Chao
Part ⅡReading Comprehension （Skimming and Scanning）
1. N.該句句意為:美國聯邦調查局確切知道計算機犯罪造成了多大損失。本題解題依據為本文第二段 “Even the FBI,which attempts…is involved”，該句大意為:盡管FBI致力于對各種犯罪的上升和下降有清晰認識，但并不能精確說明損失多大，所以與原文之意不合。
2. Y. 該句句意為:計算機擁有者很容易利用大量計算機數據庫，本題解題依據為第二段最后一段話“…the easy access of microcomputers to huge mainframe data bases.”與原文之義吻合。
3. Y. 該句句意為: 本文第三段暗示大多數利用計算機犯罪者是相關公司雇員。本題解題依據為文章第三段最后一句話，其大意為: 現實情況表明很可能是該公司雇員內部人…,與原文所述之義吻合。
4. N. 該句句意為: 許多公司不舉報計算機犯罪是因為法律訴訟通常花費很多錢。解題依據為本文第九段第一和第二句話，他們不舉報是害怕公眾發現其計算機系統的弱點而對其喪失信心。據此可確定與原文所述不符。
5. N. 該句句意為: 當計算機犯罪在滿是人的房間里發生時，通常有很多證人指證犯罪。本題解題依據為本文第六段第一句話，該句大意為:即使計算機犯罪發生在滿是人的房間里，通常也無證人。據此可知該句所述之義與原文不符。
6. Y. 該句句意為:本篇文章主要是關于計算機犯罪的增長及與之作斗爭的困難性，通覽全文，尤其根據小標題的提示,我們不難看出文章主要論述了計算機犯罪與日俱增及難于發覺和阻止諸方面的原因，即文章的中心思想，與原文所述主旨吻合。
7. NG.該句句意為:計算機犯罪上升是因為有更多便宜的計算機。本文第二段用a，b，c列出了計算機犯罪增加的三大原因，其中并未提及計算機便宜這一點。
8. twelve 答案依據為第二段第一句話。
9. an example “…be cited as an example”,表示“引用…來作為一個例證”答案依據為文章最后一段第二句話。但原文沒有直接照抄的語言，只能根據理解完成此空。
10. customer trust 答案依據為本文第九段最后一句話。
Part ⅢListening Comprehension
Section A
11. A12. B13. B14. B15. B 16. B17. D18. C19. D20. D
21. C22. A23. B24. D25. B
Section B
26. D27. B28. C29. D30. A 31.B32. B33. A34. D35. B
Section C
36~46題答案見聽力文字稿
Part ⅣReading Comprehension （Reading in Depth）
Section A
47. Dfeel是一個系動詞，可以判斷此處應填入一個形容詞，通過上下文意思，以及后面介詞about, 可以確定選項為D項guilty, 短語feel guilty about sth. “對…感到有愧”。全句的意思為“我們很愛吃，但是往往在吃完之后又有負罪感”。
48. Mbe obsessed with 為固定搭配，原意為“被…附上/纏住/迷住心竅”，放在本句表示“十分重視”。全句的意思為“我們很關心健康和減肥，但肥胖卻又空前地在蔓延”。
49. A本句缺一個名詞作主語，并且根據和介詞to的搭配，可以推斷出正確選項answer.
50. I 本句根據more和ways可以判斷出需要填入一個形容詞構成比較級，根據上下文，表示“旨在禁止酗酒的禁酒令，卻激發了更多新奇的方法來酗酒”，可以確定I為正確選項。
51. F本題較難。根據be 和by 確定應填入一個過去分詞。再根據上下文，上文表示“應該吃典型的美國人吃的食物”，下文通過 but 轉折，表示實際上“美國的食物已經被諸如比薩和熱狗這樣的舶來品所詮釋了”，因此可以確定F為正確選項。
53. L由于橫線后面沒有賓語，可以確定不是形成bring的短語，這樣本句所缺的為一名詞，做bring的賓語。根據下文解釋，“美國人對他們所吃的食物的態度是矛盾的”，可以推出本句意義為“堅定的觀點也不是確定不變的”。因此可以確定L為正確選項。
54. K系動詞become后應填入一個形容詞，和后面介詞of形成短語be/become suspicious of “對…感到懷疑”。
55. J本句缺一個名詞作主語，并且根據和介詞in的搭配，可以推斷出正確選項belief，“（have）belief in sth.” 相信…。
56. C本句是一般現在時，缺一個動詞，且和with 搭配，確定選項share,“share sth with sb, 與某人分享某事”。
Section B
57. B主旨題。本文三段內容均圍繞短缺原料的價值進行說明。文章第一段說明了什么叫原料相對短缺，第二段說明了什么叫機會成本，第三段說明了原料的價格是由什么決定的。
58. C細節歸納題。第二段中“Every act of production uses up some of societys available resources; it means the foregoing of an opportunity to produce something else.”說明機會成本是用可生產的其他商品來衡量的，選項C正好符合該意思。
59. D細節歸納題。第一段“Materials used for one purpose cannot at the same time be used for other purposes; if the quantity of an input is limited, the increased use of it in one manufacturing process must cause it to become less available for other uses.”說明社會總資源是有限的，用掉其中一些就會使總量減少并限制其他商品的生產。
60. A細節歸納題。文章第三段“In a market economy the price of a good and the quantity supplied depends on the cost of making it”（市場經濟條件下，商品的價格和產量取決于其成本）,然后又說 “The cost of, say, a pair of shoes is the price of the leather, the labor, the fuel, and other elements used up in producing them.”以鞋子為例說明商品價格是由生產要求決定的。
61. C推斷題。文主要闡述了經濟學里面的一個重要概念——“機會成本”，是講商品生產和社會資源之間的關系。A、B、D均未涉及到生產領域，只有C符合本文的主旨。
62. D主旨題。本篇主要討論不同的領導者（如instrumental leaders以及expressive leaders）在不同的社會群體中所充當的角色和發揮的功能。所以D為正確答案。A、B、C選項都不能正確概括本文主旨。
63. C細節理解題。A選項的招募（recruitment）和B選項選舉程序（election process）都在第一段中作為大群體的領導者產生的方式被明確提到。D選項也在第一段中作為家庭領導者的產生的方式被明確提到。只有C選項沒有作為產生領導者的一種方式在本文中被提及。
64. A推論題。A選項意思是:某一特定群體的有效領導者，不一定就可以成為另一群體的有效領導者。這正好與第二段的意思相吻合，即領導者沒有一個固定的特點，只是符合了一個特定群體需要的人就有可能成為該群體的領導者（It seems…virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group）。B選項和C選項的意思與本文無關。D選項意為:許多人想成為領導者，但卻很少能拿出證據來證明他們具有這樣的資格。顯然是對文章意思的曲解。
65. B細節理解題。第二段中“…decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of 'natural leaders'”意思是說數十年來的研究并不能找出可靠證據來證明那些人可以成為“天生領導者”，與B項意思一致。
66. D細節理解題。第三、四段主要講了兩種類型的領導者的區別。其中instrumental leader側重于群體目標的實現，而expressive leader相對于前者并不側重于群體目標的實現，而是注重為群體成員提供情感支持，并盡力減少內部紛爭。（Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.）
Part ⅤError Correction
67. 本題考查上下文語義關系，unnecessary 改為necessary .本句句意為:我們所談及的人的需要，是指我們生活中必不可少的東西。據此，應用肯定意義的necessary.
68. 本題考查虛擬語氣用法, will改為would.根據英語語法，與一般現在事實相反的虛擬語氣，條件句用一般過去時，主句用would加動詞原形。
69. 本題考查搭配關系, for改為 as.“be known as，被認為是…”， “be known for，因…而眾所周知”。根據題意，應是be known as,即“這被稱為營養不良”。
70. 本題考查定語從句的關系詞，where改為which/that.此處引導定語從句的關系詞在定語從句里必須充當主語，而where 在定語從句里作地點狀語，沒有作主語的功能，因此，where改為which或that.
71. 本題考查固定搭配，like改為as.“the same as…，與…同樣的”，為固定搭配。
72. 本題考查上下文語義關系，developed改為undeveloped.考生做此題時要有全局意識。本句與下句是發達國家和不發達國家的兩個對比。本句中whereas引出轉折，前部分指“欠發達國家的人們只食用在其家園附近種植的食物”，而后部分指“發達國家的人們吃的是距其家好幾千英里之外生長的食物”。之所以改成undeveloped 而不是underdeveloped是因為下句中也出現了undeveloped, 作為提示。
73. 本題考查介詞用法，despite改為although/though.despite是介詞，不能引導句子，如要引導，必須改成 “despite the fact that…, ”。比較簡潔的方法是把despite改為although或though.
74. 本題考查習慣用法，by改為on.“live on （sth.）, 繼續生活, 以…為主食, 靠…生活”。“live by （doing sth.），以…為生”。本句意思為:他們可以只吃一種肉。并且下文再次出現live on作為提示。
75. 本題考查固定搭配，like改為as.such as 為固定搭配。
76. 本題考查上下文語義關系，more改為less“no more necessary,表示否定，”不重要多少“； ”no less necessary“是雙重否定表示肯定，”同樣必要“。
Part ⅥTranslation
77. is situated
78. put our heads together
79. finds fault with
80. we may/might as well walk home
81. petrol now is twice as expensive as it was a few years ago.
4 考試
