四、狀語從句
狀語從句也是四級詞匯和句法部分考查的重點之一，95年至2000年6月共設考題20題，占10%強。就狀語從句而言，主要是根據主從句的關系判斷連詞的使用。因此，在準備狀語從句時，主要任務是弄清楚各種狀語從句的連詞。
1．時間狀語從句的連詞
表示時間的連詞有when, while, as, by the time, before, after, since, till/until, as soon as，有些名詞短語也可以引導時間狀語從句，如the moment, the instant, each time，有些是固定句型如：no sooner … than hardly/scarcely …when。在這些連詞的使用中應注意
① as強調同時，也表示"一邊……，一邊……"，while表示主句動作發生在從句的過程之中，要求從句謂語動詞為狀態動詞或持續性動詞，when的使用則比較簡單，相當于漢語的"當……時候"。如：
Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true ____ it comes to classroom tests.
A.when B.since C.before D.after (1996.1)
四個選項都表示時間，但根據主從句間的關系可以判斷答案 為A。
② 注意when的特殊句型
下列句型中when連接的不是時間狀語從句，但考試中卻常與其它時間狀語從句的連詞一塊出題。
were/was doing something when …
were/was about to do something when …
had just done something when …
四級考題中不乏對上述結構的考查，如：
I had just started back for the house to change my clothes ___ I heard voices.
A.as B.when C.after D.while (1997.6)
I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave ___ something occurred which attracted my attention.
A.unless B.until C.when D.while (1996.1)
這類考題比較簡單，只要同學們清楚這一句型，答案則自然可得。
③ 注意no sooner … than ….和hardly/scarcely …when句中的時態。
④ 注意not … until 中時間狀語可以提前。如
____ quite recently, most mothers in Britain did not take paid work outside the home.
A.Before B.Until C.From D.Since (1995.6)
但只要同學們能夠辨認not … until 的句法結構，答案也就顯而易見。
比較常見的提前方式是將not until….提至句首，后面用肯定形式，主謂倒裝。本題可以改成，Not until quite recently did most mothers in Britain take paid work outside the home.這時，句子采用主謂倒裝結構，應注意。
⑤ 在對名詞短語做連詞引導時間狀語從句時，常與名詞構成的其它短語相區別。如：
You see the lightening ___ it happens, but you hear the thunder later.
A.the instant B.for an instant C.on the instant D.in an instant
(1997.1)
能夠引導時間狀語從句的是名詞the instant，而不是由其構成的介詞短語。
⑥ 注意含有時間狀語從句的固定句型，如It won't be long before … 和It is …since兩類句型。It won't be long before可以有三個變體，即：It was (not) + 一段時間 + before，It won't be + 一段時間+ before。如95年6月就有對此的考查：
Scientists say it may be five or ten years ____ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.
A.since B.before C.after D.when
2．原因狀語從句的連詞
原因狀語從句一般由because, since, as, now that, considering that, seeing that連接。對于表原因連詞本身的區別考查相對較少，主要是與其它狀語從句連詞的對比。如：
① ____ you are leaving tomorrow, we can eat dinner together tonight.(1999.6)
A.For B.Since C.Before D.While
② ____ that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better.(1997.6)
A.For B.Now C.Since D.Despite
1) 從以上兩題可以看出，首先，同學們要根據主從句的語意關系，確定是什么狀語從句，然后在進行選擇。
2) 注意連詞的結構，如2）為Now that的搭配。
3) 注意for, because, since/as的區別。一般說來，for不表示原因，其所連接的是并列句，是一種解釋說明，尤其是當用結果來反證原因時。如：
He must have experienced something very unpleasant, for he looks so upset.
You must try to rid yourself of your carelessness, for it often leads to errors.
4) 注意引導原因狀語從句的還可以是considering/seeing that，其用法與since/as相同。如：
Considering that he is only a beginner, it is understandable for him to make such mistakes.
Seeing that you have come, you may as well stay here for a few days.
3．條件狀語從句的連詞
涉及到條件狀語從句的考查題很多，如時態，虛擬語氣等。但從狀語從句的概念來講，這里我們所說的是條件狀語從句性質的判斷和連詞的選擇。要求同學們首先能理解主從句之間的關系，確定是條件狀語從句，然后在根據各連詞的特點進行選擇。如：
① I am sure he is up to the job ____ he would give his mind to it.(1998.1)
A.if only B.in case C.until D.unless
② We'll visit Europe next year _____ we have enough money.(1999.1)
A.lest B.until C.unless D.provided
③ ____ he works hard, I don't mind when he finishes the experiment.(1998.1)
A.As soon as B.As well as C.As far as D.So long as
從以上考題來看，就條件狀語從句而言，同學們應掌握以下幾點：
1) unless與其它連詞的差別，unless表示的是If …not …的意思。
2) if only或only if是一種強調的條件狀語從句。根據if only 與unless肯定與否定條件的差別，可以判斷①題答案為A。
3) provided (that)表示唯一的條件，相當于if and only if，on condition that，如②表示"明年只要有錢，我們就去歐洲。"
4) so/as long as表示條件時一般與其它類似短語一同考查，如③，四個短語都可以連接狀語從句，但表達意思有別，考試的目的就是考查同學們對句子的理解能力。
5) 另外注意，引導條件狀語從句的還可以是suppose/supposing, in case, once等。
4．讓步狀語從句的連詞
引導讓步狀語從句的連詞很多，但結構差別比較大，比較容易掌握，同學們只要能掌握各連詞的結構和語義特點，準確把握主從句的關系，讓步狀語從句則就不過是一塊巧克力。先看一下下列各題：
① I've already told you that I'm going to buy it, ___________.
A.however much it costs B.however does it cost much
C.how much does it cost D.no matter how it costs (1996.6)
② ____, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.(2000.6)
A.Although much he likes her B.Much although he likes her
C.As he likes her much D.Much as he likes her
③ ____ the calculation is right, scientists can never be sure that they have included all variables and modeled them accurately.(1999.1)
A.Even if B.As far as C.If only D.So long as
④ ____ their differences, the couple were developing an obvious and genuine affection for each other.(1998.1)
A.But for B.For all C.Above all D.Except for
從以上四級真題我們可以看到對讓步狀語從句的考查特點：一是讓步狀語從句與其它狀語從句的對比，如③，另一種是讓步狀語從句連詞自身的結構功能，如①②兩題。下面我們就一起來看讓步狀語從句的連詞功能：
1) although/though連接讓步狀語從句，表示"盡管"，從句用直陳語序，與漢語的結構類似。
2) as引導的讓步狀語從句要求用倒裝結構，如②題。可提至句首的有名詞、原形動詞、副詞、形容詞等。可數名詞單數形式不用冠詞。如：
Child as he is, he behaves like a grown-up.
Fail as he did, he was not disappointed at all.
Much as I tried, I failed to persuade him.
3) No matter + 疑問詞和疑問詞 + ever引導讓步狀語從句，表示"不論誰""不論什么時間/地點/方式"等等，從句用直陳語序。由此可以判斷上面①題答案為A。
4) For all表示讓步時后面可以接從句，也可以接名詞短語，后接名詞時常與其它類似短語比較，如④。注意接從句：
For all that he has a master's degree, I don't think he can outdo me in many aspects.
5) 其它用來引導讓步狀語從句的還有whether …or， even if， even though，和"動詞 + 疑問詞+主語+情態動詞"，如：
Say what you will, he will turn a deaf year.So it's better to keep silent.
Doubt whom you may, you shouldn't doubt me.
5．方式狀語從句的連詞
相比之下，方式狀語從句則簡單了許多，四級考試中還從未涉及此項。用來表示方式的主要是as 和as if/though。如：
I have made the change as you suggested.
I remember the whole thing as if it happened only yesterday.
6．結果狀語從句的連詞
盡管這幾年，四級考試中并沒有考題涉及結果狀語，同學們還是應該了解以下結果狀語從句的一些用法。首先讓我們先來熟悉一下結果狀語從句所在句式：
1) so … that…/ such ….that
該句式中重要考查的是so和such的區別。應注意以下可能出現的結構：
so nice a boy that…
such a nice boy that…
so beautiful/diligent/carefully … that…
such (fine weather/great improvement) that…
2) so that
Everyone lend a hand, so that the sowing was done in time.
該句式中主要考查so that 與其它短語的區別，如：
I took no notice of him, ___ he flew into a rage.
A.for that B.so that C.in that D.but that
由于so that也可以引導目的狀語從句，同學們應特別注意從句中時態的運用。
3) so much so that
該結構用于形容詞或副詞之后，表示"到如此程度以致于"。如：
He was very weak, so much so that he could not walk.
I long to visit Beijing, so much so that I dream about it every night.
4) 注意結構狀語從句與too….to..enough to…, so… as to結構的不同。
7．目的狀語從句的連詞
目的狀語從句是比較常用的，也是比較簡單的狀語從句。就目的狀語從句而言，第一，同學們應該清楚的是引導目的狀語從句各連詞所表達的語義差別，對于個別的狀語從句中的時態要求應有所了解。具體測試中，主要是根據主從句的語意邏輯關系來判斷從句的屬性。如：
① I was advised to arrange for insurance ___ I needed medical
treatment.
A.nevertheless B.although C.in case D.so that (1999.1)
② The man mad was put in the soft-padded cell lest he ___ himself.
A.injure B.had injured C.injured D.would injure (1998.1)
從這兩題我們可以看出，
1） 在解答狀語從句的試題時，首先是判斷主從句的邏輯關系，意思確定了，答案也就有了。如第一題，安排保險的目的是以防自己有朝一日需要醫務治療，而能表達這種目的含義的只有選項C。
2） 注意狀語從句中的時態，如lest后常用should + 原形動詞，should可以省略，而第二題也正式對這一原則的考查。
3） 注意其它表目的連詞的用法，如for fear that表示"恐怕""以免"等：
The workers never complain though they are badly treated for fear that they might lose their job.
8．地點狀語從句
表示地點的自然是where或 wherever引導，要求同學們做到的就是在考試中能從上下文中看出從句表地點的特征。如：
① Although he knew little about the large amount of work done in the field, he succeeded ____ other more well-informed experimenters failed.(1998.1)
A.which B.that C.what D.where
② I have kept the portrait ___ I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my university days in London.(1996.1)
A.which B.where C.whether D.when
這種地點狀語從句一般是與定語從句相比較，如上面第一題，也可能與其它狀語相比較，如第二題。
9．自我訓練
上面我和同學們一起分析了四級考試中對狀語從句的考查方式和解題的一些注意事項，下面，請同學們做《語法分冊》131-132上的有關題目。
五、名詞性從句
名詞性從句包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句，在四級考試中所占比重不大，約4.7%。在講解名詞性從句的考試方式和答題要素前，讓我們先看以下幾題：
Test Yourself
1) Although Anne is happy with her success she wonders _____ will happen to her private life.(2000.1)
A.that B.what C.it D.this
2) We agreed to accept ____ they thought was not the best tourist guide.(2000.1)
A.whatever B.whomever C.whichever D.whoever
3) In some countries, ____ is called "equality" does not really mean
equal rights for all people.
A.which B.what C.that D.one (1995.6)
4) When I try to understand ____ that prevents so many Americans from being as one might expect,it seems to me that there are two causes.(1998.1)
A.why it does B.what it does C.what it is D.why it is
5) They are teachers and don't realize ____ to start and run a
company.(1995.1)
A.what it takes B.what takes it C.what they take D.what takes them
6) By success I don't mean ____ usually thought of when that word is used.(1996.6)
A.what is B.that we C.as you D.all is
7) The mere fact _____ most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur.(1997.6)
A.what B.which C.that vD.why
8) There are signs ____ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.(2000.6)
A.that B.which C.in which D.whose
Explanation and Expansion
A． 參考答案：1) B 2) D 3) B 4) C 5) A 6) A 7) C 8)A
B． 評析
1) 名詞性從句的考查主要集中在兩點，一是從句的語序為直陳語序，這一點在上面的5）題就有涉及。
2) 另一點則是名詞性從句的連詞的選擇，而其中以what的使用最為廣泛，涉及what連詞的占5/8。
3) 連詞what為縮合連詞，相當于all that/ everything that等，而與之經常在同一題出現的which為疑問連詞，表示"哪一個？"的概念，that做名詞性從句的連詞在從句中不做任何成分，也因此經常省略。在解這種題時一是看從句所表達的含義，最重要的是看連詞在從句中是否做主語、賓語或表語。
4) 注意whoever 與who的差別。whoever相當于anyone who，而who為疑問連詞。但從四級考試來看，更傾向于whoever 與whatever, whichever等的比較。也就是說，測試傾向于句子的理解，而不只是語法規則的記憶。
5) 除what以為，when, where, why也都可做縮合連詞來用，考生也應引以注意，如：
I still remember when this used to be a small quiet village.
Is this where you and yours got robbed the other day?
6) 名詞性從句考查設疑的另一點就是從句與非從句的比較，如1）中是否可以用it 或this，3）中是否可以用one等。
7) 同位語從句一般以that為連詞者句多，如上面的7）8）兩題。這類從句的特點是從句表示與其同位的名詞的具體內容，連詞that沒有任何詞匯意義，也沒有任何句法功能。
Self-practice
好了，又到同學們自我練習的時候了。請打開《語法分冊》200-202頁，自我檢測一下。
本節我和同學們一起分析了四級詞匯/語法測試中對時態、語態、虛擬語氣和各種從句的用法特點和解題規律。下一講我們看一下英語中的非謂語動詞、倒裝、強調比較級等。請同學們提前預習一下《語法分冊》的相關部分。
