時態

　　1. 現在完成時、過去完成時以及將來完成時之間的區別

　　1) 現在完成時：

　　① 構成：have / has +過去分詞

　�、� 語法意義及要點：

　　A. 現在完成時表示一個過去開始的狀態或動作持續到現在并可能繼續持續下去，常同表示一段時間的狀語連用。如so far, up to now, since, for a long time等。

　　--He has worked as a teacher for many years.

　　--Up till now, nothing has gone wrong.

　　B. 現在完成時表示一個過去發生的對現在仍有影響的動作或事件。常與不確定的過去時間狀語連用，如yet, just, before, recently等;也同表示頻度時間狀語連用，如often, ever, never, sometimes, several times等;還可同包括現在時間在內的時間狀語連用，如now, today, this morning等。但不能同特定的過去時間狀語連用(last year , in 1997等)。

　　--I have never learned Japanese before.

　　--We have been quite busy lately (recently).

　　C. 在時間或條件狀語從句中，當表示將來完成時的意義時，要用現在完成時來代替將來完成時。

　　--We’ll start at 5 o’clock if it has stopped raining by then.

　　--I shall go to see you when I have finished my homework.

　　Note: 行為不能持續的瞬間動詞(Instantaneous Verb), 如arrive, begin, come, go, start, leave, die, join等通常不能用于這一語法意義，即該類動詞在現在完成時中不能與表示一段時間的狀語連用。

　　--He has joined the army for five years. (誤)

　　--He has been in the army for five years. (正)

　　2) 過去完成時：

　　① 構成：had +過去分詞

　�、� 語法意義及要點：

　　過去完成時表示某一動作或情況發生在過去某一時刻之前并持續到該時刻。

　　--David and Jenny had known each other for a long time before their marriage.

　　--They had got everything ready before the party began.

　　Note: 與現在完成時截然不同的是過去完成時可以與表示具體過去的時間狀語連用。

　　--He said that he had seen her the day before yesterday.

　　3) 將來完成時：

　�、� 構成：shall / will + have +過去分詞

　�、� 語法意義及要點：

　　將來完成時表示某一動作在將來某一時刻或將來某一動作之前已經完成或發生。

　　--He will have graduated from high school before his next birthday.

　　--The shop will have closed already before you get there.

　　2. 哪些動詞不能用于進行時

　　1) 表示狀態的動詞，如be, seem, appear, become, get等。

　　He is being a used-car dealer.(誤)

　　He is a used-car dealer.(正)

　　She is seeming always about to smile.(誤)

　　She seems always about to smile.(正)

　　2) 表示感官感覺的動詞，如see(看見), hear(聽見),feel(感覺出), taste(嘗出),smell(聞到)等。

　　The medicine is tasting bitter. (誤)

　　The medicine tastes bitter. (正)