對立法 : 先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法,

　　[1]. When asked about....., the vast majority of people say that ....... But I view a bit differently.

　　[2]. When it comes to .... , some people bielive that ....... Others claim that the opposite is true . There is probably some truth in both arguements, but I tend to the latter(后者;(二者中)后者的) ...

　　[3]. Now, it is commonly acknowledged that .... They claim that ... But I wonde r whether.....

　　現象法

　　引出要剖析的現象或者問題, 然后評論

　　[1]. Recently the rise inphenomenon of ... has aroused public worldwide concern.

　　[2]. Recently the issue of the problem of ...has been brought into focus.

　　[3].Inflation(通貨膨脹)/Corruption(貪污 ****)/Social inequality(不平等) ... is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face constantly.

　　觀點法 ----開門見山,直接了當地提出自己對要討論的問題的看法.

　　[1]. Now people in significant numbers are coming to realize that...

　　[2]. Now there is a growing awareness of the necessity to......Now people become increasingly conscious of the importance of ......

　　[3]. Perhaps it is time to have a fresh look at the attitude that.......

　　引用法 ----- 先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法, 來引出文章要展開論述的觀點

　　[1]. "Knowledge is power." such is the remark made by Bacon.This remark has been shared by more and more people .

　　"Education is not complete with graduation.(學無止境)" Such is the opnion of a great American philosopher. Now more and more people share his opnion.

　　[2]."........." How often we hear such statements like thoses /this .

　　In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complains as this "......"

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