Passage Four

　　Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:

　　The American baby boom after the war made unconvincing U.S. advice to poor countries that they restrain their births. However, there has hardly been a year since 1957 in which birth rates have not fallen in the United States and other rich countries, and in 1976 the fall was especially sharp. Both East Germany and West Germany have fewer births than they have deaths, and the United States is only temporarily able to avoid this condition because the children of the baby boom are now an exceptionally large group of married couples.

　　It is true that Americans do not typically plan their births to set an example for developing nations. We are more affected by women's liberation: once women see interesting and well-paid jobs and careers available, they are less willing to provide free labor for child raising. From costing nothing, children suddenly come to seem impossibly expensive. And to the high cost of children are added the uncertainties introduced by divorce; couples are increasingly unwilling to subject children to the terrible experience of marital (婚姻的) breakdown and themselves to the difficulty of raising a child alone.

　　These circumstances — women working outside the home and the instability of marriage — tend to spread with industrial society and they will affect more and more countries during the remainder of this century. Along with them goes social mobility, ambition to rise in the urban world, a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century.

　　Food shortage will happen again when the reserves resulting from the good harvests of 1976 and 1977 have been consumed. Urbanization is likely to continue, with the cities of the developing nations struggling under the weight of twice their present populations by the year 2000. The presently rich countries are approaching a stable population largely because of the changed place of women, and they incidentally are setting an example of restraint to the rest of the world. Industrial society will spread to the poor countries, and aspirations (渴望) will exceed resources. All this will lead to a population in the twenty-first century that is smaller than was feared a few years ago. For those anxious to see world population brought under control the news is encouraging.

　　36. During the years from 1957 to 1976, the birth rate of the United States .

　　A) increased C) experienced both falls and rises

　　B) was reduced D) remained stable

　　37. What influences the birth rate most in the United States is .

　　A) highly paid jobs C) expenses of child raising

　　B) women's desire for independence D) high divorce rate

　　38. The sentence “From costing nothing, children suddenly come to seem impossibly expensive.” (Line 4, Para. 2) implies that .

　　A) food and clothing for babies are becoming incredibly expensive

　　B) prices are going up dramatically all the time

　　C) to raise children women have to give up interesting and well-paid jobs

　　D) social development has made child-raising inexpensive

　　39. A chief factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the 19th century is .

　　A) birth control C) the instability of marriage

　　B) the desire to seek fortune in cities D) the changed place of women

　　40. The population in the 21st century, according to the writer, .

　　A) will be smaller than a few years ago

　　B) will not be as small as people expect

　　C) will prove to be a threat to the world

　　D) will not constitute as serious a problem as expected