Passage Four

　　Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.

　　Researchers who are unfamiliar with the cultural and ethnic groups they are studying must take extra precautions to shed any biases they bring with them from their own culture. For example, they must make sure they construct measures that are meaningful for each of the cultural or ethnic minority groups beings studied.

　　In conducting research on cultural and ethnic minority issues, investigators distinguish between the emic approach and the etic approach. In the emic approach, the goal is to describe behavior in one culture or ethnic group in terms that are meaningful and important to the people in that culture or ethnic group, without regard to other cultures or ethnic groups. In the etic approach, the goal is to describe behavior so that generalizations can be made across cultures. If researchers construct a questionnaire in an emic fashion, their concern is only that the questions are meaningful to the particular culture or ethnic group being studied. If, however, the researchers construct a questionnaire in an ecit fashion, they want to include questions that reflect concepts familiar to all cultures involved.

　　How might the emic and etic approaches be reflected in the study of family processes? In the emic approach , the researchers might choose to focus only on middle-class White families, without regard for whether the information obtained in the study can be generalized or is appropriate for ethnic minority groups. In a subsequent Study, the researchers may decide to adopt an etic approach by studying not only middle-class White families, but also lower-income White families, Black American families, Spanish American families, and Asian American families. In studying ethnic minority families, the researchers would likely discover that the extended family is more frequently a support system in ethnic minority families than in White American families. If so, the emic approach would reveal a different pattern of family interaction than would the etic approach, documenting that research with middle-class White families cannot always be generalized to all ethnic groups.

　　36.According to the first paragraph, researchers unfamiliar with the target cultures are inclined to .

　　A) be overcautious in constructing meaningful measures

　　B) view them from their own cultural perspective

　　C) guard against interference from their own culture

　　D) accept readily what is alien to their own culture

　　37.What does the author say about the emic approach and the etic approach?

　　A) They have different research focuses in the study of ethnic issues.

　　B) The former is biased while the latter is objective

　　C) The former concentrates on study of culture while the latter on family issues.

　　D) They are both heavily dependent on questionnaires in conducting surveys.

　　38.Compared with the etic approach, the emic approach is apparently more .

　　A)culturally interactive

　　B) culture-oriented

　　C) culturally biased

　　D) culture-specific

　　39.The etic approach is concerned with .

　　A) the general characteristics of minority families

　　B) culture-related concepts of individual ethnic groups

　　C) features shared by various cultures or ethnic groups

　　D) the economic conditions of different types of families

　　40.Which of the following is true of the ethnic minority families in the U.S. according to the passage?

　　A) Their cultural patterns are usually more adaptable

　　B) Their cultural concepts are difficult to comprehend

　　C) They don’t interact with each other so much as White families

　　D)They have closer family ties than White families