Passage Thirty (Fingerprints)

　　The search for latent prints is done in a systematic and intelligent manner. Investigators develop techniques to locate traces of fingerprints at a crime scene. The basic premise in searching for latent prints is to examine more carefully those areas, which would most likely be touched by persons who have been on the scene. The natural manner in which a person would use and place his hands in making an entrance or exit from a building or in handling any object is the key to the discovery of latent prints.

　　Where a forced entrance has been made, latent prints are likely to be found on any surface adjacent to or at that point. Any object with a smooth, non-porous surface is likely to retain latent prints if touched. Fingerprints on rough surfaces are usually of little value. If the fingermark does not disclose ridge detail when viewed under a reading glass, the chances are that its value in identification is nil when photographed. Where fingermarks are found, it will be necessary for the investigator to compare them against the ones of persons having legitimate access to the premises so that the traces might be eliminated as having evidentiary value if they prove to be from these persons. Places to search for prints on an automobile are the rear view mirror, steering wheel hub, steering column, windshield dashboard and the like.

　　Dusting of surface may be done with a fine brush or with an atomizer. The whit powders used are basically finely powdered white lead, talc, or chalk. Another light powder is basically Chemist’s gray. A good black powder is composed of lampblack, graphite, and powdered acacia. Dragon’s blood is good powder for white surface and can be fixed on paper by heating. In developing latent prints, the accepted method is to use the powder sparingly and brush lightly. Do not use powder if the fingermark is visible under oblique lighting. It can be photographed. A good policy for the novice is to experiment with his own prints on a surface similar to the one he wishes to search in order to determine the powder best suited to the surface. Fingerprints after dusting may be lifted by using fresh cellulose tape or commercially prepared material especially designed to lift and transfer dusted latent fingerprints.

　　In addition to latent prints, the investigator must not overlook the possibility of two other types of fingerprint traces: molded impression and visible impression. Molded impressions are formed by the pressure of the finger upon comparatively soft, pliable, or plastic surfaces producing an actual mold of the fingerprint pattern. These can be recorded by photograph without treating the surface, is usually most effective in revealing the impressions clearly. Visible impressions are formed when the finger is covered with some substance which is transferred to the surface contacted. Fingers smeared with blood, grease, dirt, paint, and the like will leave a visible impression. If these impressions are clear and sharp, they are photographed under light without ant treatment. Ordinarily, prints of this type are blurred or smeared and do not contain enough detail for identification by comparison. However, they can not be overlooked or brushed aside without first being examined carefully.

　　1. What is the best title for this passage?

　　[A]. Visible impressions. [B]. Moulded impressions.

　　[C]. Fingerprints. [D]. Latent fingerprints.

　　2. How many fingermarks are mentioned in this passage?

　　[A]. 2. [B]. 3. [C]. 4. [D]. 5.

　　3. Which type of fingerprints is most likely to retain?

　　[A]. Latent fingerprints. [B]. Visible impressions.

　　[C]. Moulded impressions. [D]. Clear fingerprints.

　　4. How many ways are there to develop fingerprints?

　　[A]. 2. [B]. 3. [C]. 4. [D]. 5.

　　Vocabulary

　　1. latent print 潛在指紋

　　2. premise 前提

　　3. non-porous 無孔的，不滲透的

　　4. ridge 脊，隆起部

　　5. nil 無，零

　　6. premise 房屋及其附屬部件

　　7. rear view mirror 后視鏡

　　8. steering wheel hub 駕駛盤

　　9. steering column 轉向柱

　　10. windshield 擋風玻璃

　　11. dashboard 儀表盤，擋泥板

　　12. atomizer 噴霧器

　　13. talc 滑石

　　14. lampblack 燈黑，燈煙

　　15. acacia 阿拉伯樹膠，金合歡膠

　　16. dragons blood 龍血樹脂，麒麟血

　　17. sparingly 少量的，節約的

　　18. novice 新手，初學者

　　19. cellulose tape 纖維帶，指紋膠帶

　　20. lift 提起，拿起。這里指取下指紋。

　　21. molded impression 模性壓痕

　　22. visible impression 可見壓痕

　　23. pliable 柔韌的，柔順的

　　24. smear 搽上，涂污，弄得模糊不清