一.中國文化類

　　四大發明：the four great inventions

　　印刷術/*活字印刷術：printing/movable-type printing

　　造紙術：paper-making

　　指南針：compass

　　火藥：gunpowder

　　絲綢之路：the Silk Road

　　瓷器/*陶器：china/pottery

　　硬幣/紙幣：coins/paper bills

　　對外貿易/海外貿易/*海上貿易：foreign trade/overseas trade/maritime commerce

　　古代文明：ancient civilization

　　文化交流：cultural exchange

　　文化沖突：cultural shock/cultural conflict

　　文化產業：cultural industry

　　文化遺產：cultural heritage

　　鄉村文化：rural culture

　　民族文化：national culture

　　民間藝術：folk art

　　表演藝術：performing art

　　特征：feature/characteristic

　　祖先：ancestor

　　哲學家：philosopher

　　中國文學：Chinese literature

　　中外學者：Chinese and overseas scholars

　　巨著：great works

　　顯著成就：remarkable achievements

　　神話/傳說：myth/legend

　　陽歷/陰歷：solar calendar/lunar calendar

　　金/木/水/火/土：metal/wood/water/fire/earth

　　工藝/手工藝品：craft/ handicraft

　　唐朝：Tang Dynasty

　　始于...年/持續...時間/滅亡：begin in/last for/collapse

　　統治/統治者：govern (v.) rule (v)/ruler (n.)

　　在...統治下：during the reign of ...

　　權力/權威：power/authority

　　戲劇/京劇/劇院：drama/Peking Opera/theater

　　詩人/政客：poet/politician

　　少數民族：ethnic minority

　　社會地位：social status

　　起源于：originate in/from …

　　(在一個地方起源用in，從一個地方起源用from)

　　追溯到: be traced back to …/trace … back to…

　　發源地：birthplace

　　古代：ancient times

　　現代：modern times

　　獨特元素：a unique element

　　組成(選一背誦即可)：

　　A constitute B/A comprise B/A make up B (A組成B)

　　B consist of A/B is composed of A (B由A組成)

　　【常見錯誤：切忌不要用comprise of】

　　工業革命：industrial revolution

　　代表：represent/stand for

　　象征：symbolize (v.) /symbolic (adj.) /symbol (n.)

　　繁榮：prosperous (adj.) / prosperity (n.) /flourish (v.)

　　國寶：national treasure

　　*腐敗：corruption

　　*擴大領土：extend the territory/domain

　　*奪取政權：seize the power

　　*才子佳人：gifted scholars and beautiful ladies

　　*下棋飲茶：play chess and drink tea

　　*耕耘收割：sow and reap

　　*織布縫衣：weave and sew

　　*湖上打漁：fish on the lake

　　*砍柴采藥：cut firewood and gather herbs

　　*吟詩作畫：compose poems and paint pictures

　　經典模板句練習：

　　1.中國武術(martial art)的起源可以追溯到自衛的需要、狩獵活動以及古代中國的軍事訓練 (CET-4)。

　　The origin of Chinese martial art can be traced back to the needs of self-defense, hunting and ancient Chinese military training.

　　2.構成現在世界基礎的許多元素都起源于中國 (CET-4)。

　　Many elements which constitute/comprise the foundation of the modern world originated in China.

　　3.最出名的就是門神和三大神——福神、薪神和壽神(Three Gods of Blessing, Salary and Longevity)，寓意著莊稼豐收，家畜興旺和慶祝春節 (CET-4,6)。

　　The most famous ones are Door Gods and Three Gods of Blessing, Salary

　　and Longevity, symbolizing/which symbolize the good/abundant harvest of crops, the

　　prosperity of domestic/home animals and the celebration of the Spring Festival.

　　4.那時，黃色是專為皇帝使用的顏色，皇家宮殿全都漆成黃色，皇袍總是黃色的，而普通老百姓是禁止穿黃色衣服的 (CET-4)。

　　At that time, yellow was only/exclusively used for the emperor. The royal palace was painted yellow and the imperial robe was always yellow. However, ordinary people were forbidden to wear clothes of the color.

　　5.反應在藝術和文學中的鄉村生活理想是中國文明的重要特征。這在很大程度上歸功于道家(Taoist)對自然的感情。(CET-6)

　　The rural life ideal reflected in the arts and literature is an important feature of Chinese civilization. This, to a large extent, can be attributed to the Taoist affection towards nature.

　　6.漢朝統治期間有很多顯著的成就，它最先向其他文化敞開了大門，對外貿易興旺。漢朝開拓的絲綢之路通向中西亞乃至羅馬，各類藝術流派繁榮，涌現了很多文學，歷史，哲學巨著。(CET-6)

　　There are a number of remarkable achievements during the reign of the Han dynasty, which first unlocked the door to other cultures and made foreign trade prosperous. The Silk Road which the Han dynasty has explored led to Central and Western Asia, and even to Rome, with all varieties of art schools flourishing and many works in literature, history and philosophy.

　　7.大媽是對中年婦女的稱呼，但是現在特指不久前金價大跌時大量購買黃金的中國婦女。(CET-6)

　　The word “dama” is used to describe middle-aged women. However, it particularly refers to those Chinese women who rushed to purchase a large amount of gold when the gold price decreased sharply not long ago.

　　8.宋朝還最早使用火藥并發明了活字(movable-type)印刷。人口增長迅速，越來越多的人住進城市，那里有熱鬧的娛樂場所。社會生活多種多樣。人們聚集在一起觀看和交易珍貴藝術品。宋朝的政府體質在當時也是先進的。政府官員均通過競爭性考試選拔任用。(CET-6)

　　The Song Dynasty was the first to use gunpowder and to invent movable-type printing. With rapidly increasing population, more and more people moved into cities, in which entertainment venues were very busy. There are many forms of social life. The Song dynasty also had an advanced government system in the world. All of the government officials were selected and appointed through the competitive examination.

　　二.旅游城市類

　　風景/風光：scenery/landscape

　　目的地：destination

　　景點：tourist attraction/scenic spot

　　游覽：sightseeing (n.)/see the sight

　　歷史古跡：historic site

　　文物：cultural relic

　　位于：be located in

　　以…而聞名/作為…而聞名：be famous for …/be famous as

　　享譽盛名：earn a great reputation

　　有…年歷史：has a history of … years

　　面積/人口：area/population

　　平方公里：square kilometers

　　規模：scale

　　漁村/水鄉：fishing village/water town

　　偏遠地區：remote areas

　　日出/日落：sunrise/sunset

　　濕潤的/干燥的：wet(humid)/dry

　　宏偉壯麗：magnificent

　　治療疾病：treat diseases

　　溫泉/瀑布：hot spring/waterfall

　　園林建筑：garden architecture

　　寺廟/殿堂：temple/hall

　　塔：pagoda/tower

　　樓：mansion

　　亭：pavilion

　　溪/河/海：stream/river/sea

　　林/田/*牧：forest/field/pasture

　　東南角/東南部：southeastern corner/southeastern part

　　華北：North China/northern China/northern regions of China

　　陜南：southern Shaanxi

　　江南：Yangtze River Delta

　　山東省中部：in the center of Shandong Province

　　*蜿蜒小路：winding road/trail

　　朝圣/朝圣者 pilgrimage/pilgrim

　　*避暑勝地：summer resort

　　*美不勝收：too many beautiful things to be appreciated at once

　　*聞名遐邇：known far and wide

　　*奇花異草：exotic flowers and herbs

　　*絡繹不絕：an endless stream

　　山水畫：landscape painting

　　攝影：photography

　　獲得靈感：obtain inspiration

　　纜車：cable cars

　　新趨勢：new trend/tendency

　　背包旅行/背包客：backpacking/backpacker

　　體驗文化：experience cultures

　　豐富知識：enlarge knowledge

　　拓展視野：broaden horizon

　　生活節奏：life tempo/pace

　　餐館/旅館：restaurant/hotel

　　住宅/集市/庭院：dwelling/market/courtyard

　　洪水/干旱：flood/drought

　　衣食住行：clothing, meals, accommodation, transportation

　　月餅：moon cake

　　海鮮：seafood

　　年糕：rice cake

　　餃子：dumplings

　　面條：noodle

　　面粉：flour

　　粥：porridge

　　米飯(水稻)：rice

　　谷物(糧食)：grain

　　小麥：wheat

　　三明治：sandwich

　　漢堡：hamburger

　　湯：soup

　　菜：dish/cuisine(dish是一道菜，cuisine是菜肴、烹飪)

　　糖/鹽/醋/酒/油：sugar/salt/vinegar/wine/oil

　　色/香/味/行：color/aroma/taste/appearance

　　酸/甜/苦/辣/咸/淡：sour/sweet/bitter/spicy/salty/light

　　煮/炸/熏/烤：boil/fry/smoke/bake(roast, grill)

　　西瓜/葡萄：watermelon/grape

　　經典模板句練習：

　　1.黃山位于安徽省南部。它風景獨特，尤以其日出和云海著稱。(CET-4)。

　　Mount Huang is located in the south of Anhui province. With unique sceneries, it is particularly famous for the sunrise and the sea of clouds.

　　2.年輕游客數量的不斷增加，可以歸因于他們迅速提高的收入和探索外部世界的好奇心。 (CET-4)。

　　The number of young tourists/travelers/visitors is increasing, which can be attributed to the rapid growth of their income and the curiosity to explore the outside world.

　　3.傳說中國古代哲學家墨子用了三年時間在濰坊制作了世界上首個風箏，但放飛的第一天風箏就墜落并摔壞了。(CET-4)。

　　It is said that Motse, one of the philosophers in ancient China, spent three years in Weifang in making the first kite in the world, and that the kite fell and crashed on the first day when it flew in the sky.

　　4.中國南方大多種植水稻，人們通常以大米為主食;而華北大部分地區因為過于寒冷或過于干燥，無法種植水稻，那里的主要作物是小麥。(CET-4)。

　　Rice is mainly grown in southern China where people usually take rice as the staple food. However, because it is either too cold or too dry, it is impossible to grow rice in most of the northern regions of China, so the main crop there is wheat.

　　5.麗江到處都是美麗的自然風光，眾多的少數民族同胞提供了各式各樣、豐富多彩的文化讓游客體驗。(CET-4)

　　There is beautiful natural scenery everywhere in Lijiang, and many ethnical minorities provide tourists with a great variety of cultural experiences.

　　6.珠江是華南一大河系，流經廣州市，是中國第三長的河流，僅次于長江和黃河。(CET-4)

　　The Pearl River, an extensive river system in southern China, flows through Guangzhou City. It is the China’s third longest river which is only after the Yangtze River and the Yellow River.

　　7.長江流經多種不同的生態系統，是諸多瀕危物種的棲息地，灌溉了中國五分之一的土地。(CET-4)

　　Flowing through many different ecosystems, the Yangtze River is the habitat to a whole host of endangered species and irrigates one fifth of the land in China.

　　8.中國園林是經過三千多年演變而成的獨具一格的園林景觀。它既包括為皇室成員享樂而建造的大型花園，也包括學者、商人和卸任的政府官員為擺脫嘈雜的外部世界而建造的私家花園。這些花園構成了一種意在表達人與自然之間應有的和諧關系的微縮景觀。典型的中國園林四周有圍墻，園內有池塘、假山(rockworks)、樹木、花草以及各種各樣由蜿蜒的小路和走廊連接的建筑。漫步在花園中，人們可以看到一系列精心設計的景觀猶如山水畫卷(scroll)一般展現在面前。(CET-6)

　　The Chinese garden has become a landscape of a unique style after an evolvement of more than 3000 years. It includes not only the large gardens built for royal members to enjoy themselves, but also the private gardens built for scholars, merchants and retired government workers to get rid of the noisy outside world. These gardens constitute a miniature designed to express the harmonious relationship between man and nature. A typical Chinese garden is surrounded by walls. In the garden, there are ponds, rockworks, trees, flowers and all kinds of buildings which are linked by winding trails and corridors. Wandering in the garden, people may feel that a series of well-designed scenery exhibit itself before us like a landscape scroll.

　　三.科學教育類

　　大一/大二/大三/大四：freshman/sophomore/junior/senior

　　學士/碩士/博士：bachelor/master/doctor

　　獲得學位：obtain/receive a degree

　　文憑/證書：diploma/certificate

　　學年：academic year

　　學期：term/semester

　　學習成績：academic record

　　學習表現：academic performance

　　學分：credit

　　畢業論文：thesis [本碩] dissertation [博士]

　　文科/理科：arts/science

　　本科生：undergraduate

　　大學畢業生：college/university graduates

　　研究生：postgraduate

　　博士生：Ph.D. candidate

　　幼兒園：kindergarten

　　小學：primary school/elementary school

　　中學：secondary school/high school

　　系/主修/輔修：department/major/minor

　　教學設施：teaching facility

　　食堂：dining hall/canteen

　　宿舍：dormitory

　　選修課：elective/optional course

　　學費：tuition fee

　　教授/副教授/講師：professor/associate professor/lecturer

　　全體老師：faculty

　　終身教育：lifelong education

　　*素質教育：quality-oriented education

　　*應試教育：exam-oriented education

　　理論知識：theoretical knowledge

　　實踐知識：practical knowledge

　　信息時代：information age

　　逃課：skip class

　　*德智體美勞全面發展：all around development of moral, intellectual, physical, aesthetics and labor education

　　學習氛圍：learning atmosphere

　　激發興趣：stimulate one’s interest

　　開發潛力：tap one’s potential

　　學生減負：reduce study load

　　做兼職：work part-time

　　*自我約束：self-discipline

　　自我訓練：self-training

　　代溝：generation gap

　　*輟學/失學學生：school dropout/leaver

　　*課外活動：extracurricular activity/ after-school program

　　學生會：students’ association

　　*研討會：seminar

　　考研：take the Graduate School Admission Test

　　創業：start/build one’s own business

　　出國/出國留 ：go abroad/study abroad

　　就業：get/find a job

　　重點大學：key university

　　招生：recruit (v.)/recruitment (n.)

　　錄取：enroll (v.)/ enrollment (n.)

　　申請入學：apply for admission to/into …

　　高考：College Entrance Examination/

　　雇主/雇員：employer/employee

　　職業培訓：job training

　　獎學金：scholarship

　　專門人才：professional personnel

　　創新：innovation

　　經典模板句練習：

　　1.通過閱讀，人們能更好的學會感恩、有責任心和與人合作。(CET-4)。

　　By/Through reading, people can better learn to be grateful, responsible and cooperative.

　　2.美國網民更多的是受實際需要的驅使，用互聯網為工具發電子郵件、買賣商品、做研究、規劃旅程或付款。(CET-4)。

　　The American netizens are more likely to be driven by practical needs, using the Internet as a tool to send emails, buy and sell products, make researches, arrange trips or make payments.

　　3.中國的創新正以前所未有的速度蓬勃發展。(CET-4)。

　　China’s innovation is developing/flourishing at an unprecedented speed.

　　4.中國父母往往過于關注孩子的學習。(CET-4)。

　　Chinese parents usually pay too much attention to their children’ s study / the study of their children.

　　四.政治經濟類

　　一千：one thousand

　　一萬：ten thousand

　　百萬：one million

　　十億：one billion

　　收益/成本/利潤/花費：benefit/cost/profit/expense

　　優等品/劣質品：superior goods/inferior goods

　　風險/投資：risk/investment

　　商品：commodity

　　消費：consumption (n.)/consume (v.)

　　折扣：discount

　　發達的/發展中/欠發達：developed/developing/underdeveloped

　　經濟危機：economic crisis

　　*經濟衰退：economic recession

　　經濟蕭條：economic depression

　　經濟復蘇：economic recovery

　　*貨幣貶值：devaluation

　　*通貨膨脹：inflation

　　*順差/逆差：favorable balance/adverse balance

　　*關稅：tariff

　　*債務減免：debt relief

　　*國內補貼：domestic subsidy

　　可持續發展：sustainable development

　　私營企業：private enterprise

　　購買力：purchasing power

　　預算：budget

　　*風險資本：venture capital

　　經濟調節：economic regulation

　　*技術密集型產業：technology-intensive industry

　　*勞動密集型產業：labor-intensive industry

　　出口/進口：export/import

　　生產力：productivity

　　零售/批發：retail/wholesale

　　需求/供給：demand/supply

　　滿足需求：meet the need

　　實施/推行：implement/carry out

　　強調：emphasize

　　提倡：advocate

　　號召：call on

　　共同努力：joint effort

　　*集體的/個人的：collective/individual

　　改善/增強/提高/推動：improve/enhance/boost/promote

　　解決：tackle/deal with/solve/address

　　人力資源：human resources

　　就業機會：job opportunity

　　國家安全：national security

　　*邊界談判：boundary negotiation

　　核能：nuclear energy

　　*維持外交關系：maintain diplomatic relations

　　*維護世界和平：safeguard world peace

　　版權：copyright

　　盜版：piracy

　　基因芯片：genetic chip

　　改革開放：reform and opening-up

　　技術轉讓：technology transfer

　　航天技術：space technology

　　*尖端技術：state-of-the-art technology/cutting-edged technology

　　*改造傳統：renovate conventional industries

　　*建設國家創新體系：develop a national innovation system

　　工程中心：engineering center

　　*專利：patent

　　*應用型科研機構：application-based research institution

　　*工業升級：industrial upgrade

　　生物技術/生命科學：biotechnology/life science

　　納米技術：nano technology

　　*網絡犯罪：cyber crime

　　網民：netizen

　　教育公平：education equality

　　教育器材：education equipment

　　沿海城市：coastal city

　　占…比例：account for … percent

　　*簽署合同：sign a contract

　　消除貧困：eliminate/reduce/get rid of poverty

　　環境保護：environmental protection

　　污染預防：pollution prevention

　　污染控制：pollution control

　　治理環境污染：curb environmental pollution

　　基本政策：basic policies

　　*廢水/廢氣：waste water/waste gas

　　*環境惡化：environmental degradation/deterioration

　　城市的/城市化：urban/urbanization

　　農村的：rural

　　*開發可再生資源：develop renewable resources

　　瀕危野生動物：endangered wildlife

　　*機械/機械化：machinery/mechanization

　　補充詞匯：

　　必修課：required course

　　春節：the Spring Festival

　　除夕：Lunar New Year’s Eve

　　中秋節：Mid-autumn Festival

　　清明節：Tomb-sweeping Festival

　　元宵節：Lantern Festival

　　端午節：Dragon Boat Festival

　　年夜飯：family reunion dinner

　　煙花/爆竹：fireworks/firecracker

　　賞燈：view the lanterns

　　*拜年：pay a New Year call

　　豆類：bean

　　經典模板句練習：

　　1.中國政府創建了深圳經濟特區，作為實施社會主義市場經濟的試驗田。(CET-4)

　　The Chinese government established the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone as the experimental plot for implementation of socialist market economy.

　　2.僅在11月11日，中國消費者就從國內最大的購物平臺購買了價值90億美元的商品。中國有不少這樣的特殊購物日。因此，快遞業(courier)在中國擴展就不足為奇了。(CET-4)

　　Just on Nov. 11th, Chinese customers bought 9 billion dollars of goods from the biggest online shopping website. Since there are many such special shopping days in China, it is no wonder that courier services have expanded in China.

　　3.為了促進教育公平，中國已經投入360億元，用于改善農村地區教育設施和加強中西部地區農村義務教育。(CET-4)

　　In order to promote the equality in education, China has invested 36 billion yuan to improve the education facilities in rural areas and enhance the rural compulsory education in the central and western regions.

　　4.2011年3月日本人核電站事故后，中國的核能開發停了下來。中止審批新的核電站，并開展全國性的核電安全檢查。(CET-4)

　　After the Japanese nuclear power plant/station accident in March, 2011, the development of the China’s nuclear power stopped. The approval of new nuclear power plants was suspended, and the nationwide nuclear energy safety inspection started.

　　5.早在使用機械和化肥之前，勤勞和富有創造性的中國農民就已經采用各種各樣的方法來增加農作物產量。(CET-6)

　　Long before the use of machinery and fertilizers, industrious and creative farmers had already used different kinds of methods to increase crop yields.

　　6.第二份報告公布了一些應用科學研究的熱門領域，如3D打印和人造器官研究。(CET-6)

　　The second report announces some heated areas in applied science, for instance, 3D printing and the study of artificial organs.

　　7.年均10%的GDP增長已使五億多人脫貧。聯合國的“千年(millennium)發展目標”在中國均已達到或即將達到。目前，中國的第十二個五年規劃強調發展服務業和解決環境及社會不平衡的問題。(CET-6)

　　An average annual GDP growth rate at 10% makes over 500 million people get rid of poverty. The Millennium Development Goals of the U.N. either have been achieved or will be achieved soon in China. Currently, the 12th Five-Year Plan of China emphasizes the development of service industry and the solutions to environment and the imbalance of society.

　　8.這一新公布的計劃旨在減少四種主要污染源，包括500萬輛機動車的尾氣(exhaust)排放、周邊地區燃煤、來自北方的沙塵暴和本地的建筑灰塵。(CET-6)。

　　This newly announced plan aims to reduce four major pollution sources, including exhaust emissions from over 5 million vehicles, the burning of coals in the surrounding areas, the sandstorms and dust storms from the north areas and the local construction dusts.

　　9. 教育部還決定改善欠發達地區學生的營養，并未外來務工人員的子女提供在城市接受教育的同等機會。(CET-6)

　　The Ministry of Education has also decided to improve the nutrition of students in underdeveloped areas and provide equal opportunity for the children of migrant workers to receive education in cities.

　　10.中國政府一直提倡“以人為本”的發展理念，強調人們以公交而不是私家車出行。它還號召建設“資源節約和環境友好型”社會。有了這個明確的目標，中國城市就可以更好地規劃其發展，并把大量投資轉向安全、清潔和經濟型交通系統的發展上。(CET-6)

　　The Chinese government invariably advocates the idea for development: “people are the most important element” and emphasizes that one should take public transportation rather than drive private cars. It also calls for the construction of a “resource-saving and environment-friendly” society.

　　11.在未來幾年，中國將著力增加職業學院的招生人數：除了關注高等教育外，還將尋找新的突破以確保教育制度更加公平。(CET-6)

　　In the next few years, China will increase the number of people in vocational college. Except focusing on the higher education, the government will find a breakthrough point to ensure the justice of education.

　　12.如果父母決定為孩子報名參加一個課外班，以增加其被重點學校錄取的機會，他們會堅持自己的決定，即使孩子根本不感興趣。(CET-6)

　　Once the parents decide to sign up an afterschool class for their children in order to increase their chance of being admitted to a good school, they will stick to their decision, even though their children have no interest in it at all.

　　13.中國的大學和研究所正在積極開展創新研究，這些研究覆蓋了從大數據到生物化學，從新能源到機器人等各類高科技領域。(CET-6)

　　Chinese universities and institutes are actively doing innovative researches, covering various fields of high technology, from big data to biochemistry, and from new energy to robots.

 

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