Directions: Read the following passages carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words (not exceeding 10 words).

　　Personality is to a large extent inherent—a type parents usually bring about a type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major fact or in the lives of their children. ��

　　One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the win at all costs moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer!”��

　　By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful. ��

　　Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B’s. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s personality to his possible future employment. It is top management. ��

　　If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A type stock. B’s are important and should be encouraged.

　　Questions:

　　1. Beside inherence, personality is also deeply effected by ��______________________.

　　2. Person who has A characteristics is ��______________________________________.

　　3. What was disagreed to in schools by the author? ______________________________.

　　4. Why is top management of school to fit a child’s personality_____________________.

　　5. According to the 5th Para., B’s characteristic is suggested to be ��________________.

　　短文大意��

　　這篇文章主要談論的是人的性格的培養。作者指出，個性雖然在很大程度上是與生俱來的，但環境的作用也很重要。作者指出，因為學校崇尚“不惜一切代價取勝”的道德標準，而使學校成為培養A型性格的主要場所。作者批評了這種以考試作競爭的手段，因為這并不是學校的最高的辦學宗旨。

　　1.

　　【參考答案】 environment

　　【答題技巧】 “順藤摸瓜”，沿著與題相關的內容深入下去。

　　【詳細解答】 問題是“除了遺傳，性格還深受什么的影響”。文中第一段的第一句話講得明白：Personality is to a large extent inherent.(個性在很大程度上是與生俱來的)，這是一個與題相關的句子，沿著這個句子繼續走，可以得到“But the environment must also have a profound effect, “profound”意思是“deep”，也就是說，環境對人的性格也有很深的影響。因此，答案不得而知。

　　2.

　　【參考答案】 keen to win / competitive

　　【答題技巧】 綜合考慮，歸納總結是本題的方法。

　　【詳細解答】 這個問題問的是A型人的性格。這樣一個問題，在原文中想一下子的找出答案是不容易的。必須先總的考慮一下第二段的文字。第二段有三個地方涉及到這個問題：one place where children soak up A characteristics is school……(孩子形成A型性格的一個地方是學校，學校就其本質而言是高度競爭的場所);in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B type fellows(富有竟爭性的A型人看來就比B型人強。);Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences;(學生過分熱衷于獲勝可能要產生危險的后果)。這樣，經過綜合考慮后，得出competitive與be keen to win.

　　3.

　　【參考答案】 the disproportionate emphasis on examinations

　　【答題技巧】 由“肯定”走向“否定”的解決本題的捷徑。

　　【詳細解答】 本題問的是作者否定的是學校里的什么。只要理解了第三段的第一句話，問題就可以解決。By far the worst form of competition in schools is disproportion ate emphasis on examinations.學校里最最糟糕的競爭方式是不恰當地強調考試。根據這句話可知，disproportionate emphasis on examinations 恰恰是作者所否定的東西。

　　4.

　　【參考答案】 The world needs types

　　【答題技巧】 根據“結果”推向“原因”是解決本題的出路。

　　【詳細解答】 本題問為什么學校的宗旨應當是培養的孩子的性格。這是個典型的因果關系的句子。根據已知的果(第四段未尾)It’s top management,一步一步往前推，我們發現了：The world needs(世界上需要各種類型的人)，與top management實際存在著一種邏輯上的因果關系。因此，答案為：The world needs types.

　　5.

　　【參考答案】 sensitive and sympathetic

　　【答題技巧】 利用已知的信息進行推理并利用原文得出結論。

　　【詳細解答】 問題是 ，根據第5段可知，B型人的性格是什么。第五段中有這樣一個例子，“Perhaps selection for caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in Chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy.”(也許在挑選護理人員，尤其是醫務人員時，不要太看重化學考分，而應多考慮對人的敏感性和同情心。)“sensitivity and sympathy”一詞，應引起注意，因為這是與A型性格(前面已知)不同的。那么，繼續看，It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A type stock. B’s are important and should be encouraged。看到兒，我們幾乎可以肯定，sensitivity與sympathy是屬于B型的了。但為了與問題相合，應該把名詞改為形容詞即可。

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