31. We learn from the passage that schools in Kalkaska, Michigan, are funded . A) mainly by the state government B) exclusively by the local government C) by the National Education Association D) by both the local and state governments
32. One of the purposes for which school officials closed classes was .
A)to draw the attention of local taxpayers to political issues B)to avoid paying retirement benefits to teachers and staff
C)to pressure Michigan lawmakers into increasing state funds for local schools D)to make the financial difficulties of their teachers and staff known to the public
33. The author seems to disapprove of . A)the shutting of schools in Kalkaska B)the involvement of the mass media
C)the Michigan lawmakers' endless debating D)delaying the passage of the school funding legislation
34. We learn from the passage that school authorities in Kalkaska are more concerned about
A) making a political issue of the closing of the schools B) the attitude of the MEA's parent organization C) a raise in the property-tax rate in Michigan D) reopening the schools there immediately
35. According to the passage, the closing of the schools developed into a crisis because of .
A) the strong protest on the part of the students' parents B) the political motives on the part of the educators C) the weak response of the state officials D) the complexity of the problem
Passage Four
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
Early in the age of affluence (富裕) that followed World War Ⅱ，an American retailing analyst named Victor Lebow proclaimed, “Our enormously productive economy...demands that we make consumption our way of life, that we convert the buying and use of goods into rituals, that we seek our spiritual satisfaction, our ego satisfaction, in consumption. We need things consumed, burned up, worn out, replaced and discarded at an ever increasing rate." Americans have responded to Lebow's call, and much of the world has followed.Consumption has become a central pillar of life in industrial lands and is even embedded in social values. Opinion surveys in the world's two largest economics-Japan and the United States-show consumerist definitions of success becoming ever more prevalent. Overconsumption by the world's fortunate is an environmental problem unmatched in severity by anything but perhaps population growth. Their surging exploitation of resources threatens to exhaust or unalterably spoil forests, soils, water, air and climate. Ironically, high consumption may be a mixed blessing in human terms, too. The time-honored values of integrity of character, good work, friendship, family and community have often been sacrificed in the rush to riches. Thus many in the industrial lands have a sense that their world of plenty is somehow hollow, that misled by a consumerist culture, they have been fruitlessly attempting to satisfy what are essentially social, psychological and spiritual needs with material things. Of course, the opposite of over consumption, poverty, is no solution to either environmental or human problems. It is infinitely worse for people and bad for the natural world too. Dispossessed (被剝奪得一無所有的) peasants slash, and burn their way into the rain forests of Latin America, and hungry nomads (游牧民族) turn their herds out onto fragile African grassland, reducing it to desert. If environmental destruction results when people have either too little or too much, we are left to wonder how much is enough .What level of consumption can the earth support ?When dose having more cease to add noticeably to human satisfaction?
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