8. as if / though引起的從句

　　當as if / though引起的從句所表達的內容完全與實際情況相反或者純粹是一種假設時，通常要用虛擬語氣。如果從句表示與現在的事實相反，謂語動詞用一般過去時;如果從句表示與過去的事實相反，謂語動詞用過去完成時;如果從句表示與將來的事實相反，謂語動詞用would (might, could) + 動詞原形;

　　They talked as if they had been friends for years.

　　I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.

　　It looks as if it might rain.

　　Note: 如果as if / though引起的從句所表達的內容被看作是事實或者有可能是真實的，則要用陳述語氣。

　　It seems as if it is going to rain.

　　The meat tastes as if it has already gone bad.

　　9. lest, for fear that和 in case引起的從句

　　當lest, for fear that和 in case表示“以免，以防，生怕，惟恐”等時，在它們引起的從句中，謂語動詞常用should + 動詞原形。

　　He ran away lest he should be seen.

　　He’s working hard for fear that he should fall behind.

　　He left early in case he should miss the last train.

　　10. If only引出的從句

　　If only引出的從句用以表達感嘆性的愿望，常譯為“要是…就好了”。If only從句經常省略結果主句，且主要用在虛擬語氣中，即從句的謂語動詞用一般過去時表示現在或將來不可能實現的愿望，或用過去完成時表示過去沒有實現的愿望。

　　If only the rain would stop.

　　If only I’d listened to my parents.

　　Note: if only引出的句子偶爾也可使用陳述語氣，但考生須注意的是，在各類測試中一般都以用虛擬語氣為正確答案。

　　11. would rather(that)引出的從句

　　would rather意為“寧愿”，接從句時常省略關系代詞that。would rather后的從句要用虛擬語氣，即從句謂語動詞用一般過去時表示現在或將來的愿望，用過去完成時表示與過去事實相反的愿望。

　　I’d rather you told me the truth.

　　I would rather you came tomorrow than today.

　　I’d rather you hadn’t told me about it.

　　12. It is (about/high) time (that) 句型

　　該句型表示“(早)該做…”，其后的定語從句中的謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣表示。在測試中從句的謂語動詞用一般過去時。

　　It is time that we went to bed.

　　It is high time that somebody taught you to behave yourself.

　　13. 表示猜測的幾種不同的方法及意義

　　一些情態動詞與動詞的完成式連用能夠表示對過去情況的猜測或者未實現的可能性。

　　1) could have + 過去分詞

　　A. 表示對過去可能發生的事情的推測，意為，“可能做了某事”。

　　He couldn’t have seen her yesterday.

　　They could have lost their way.

　　B. 表示某事在過去本有可能發生，但事實上并未發生，意為，“本可以做某事”。

　　We could have started a little earlier.

　　I could have killed her. It was a narrow escape.

　　2) may (might) have + 過去分詞

　　A. 表示對過去情況的推測，意為，“可能已做某事”。

　　He may have heard the news.

　　I might have come to a wrong conclusion.

　　B. 表示一種未實現的可能性，即本可以做某事，而實際上并沒有做，有時含有抱怨的口吻。

　　It was a narrow escape. You might have killed yourself.

　　A lot of men died who might have been saved.

　　3) must have + 過去分詞

　　表示邏輯上的必然性，即按照某些現象推斷過去肯定發生過的某事。

　　She must have made a big mistake.

　　The city at one time must have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization.

　　4) needn’t have + 過去分詞

　　表示過去不必做某事，但已經做了，即本可不必做某事。

　　You needn’t have woken me up. I don’t have to go to work today.

　　He needn’t have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain.

　　5) should / ought to have + 過去分詞

　　表示過去應該做某事而實際上沒有做。

　　You should / ought to have done what your parents told you. (But you failed to do it.)

　　You should / ought to have been more careful. (But you weren’t.)

　　6) shouldn’t / oughtn’t to have + 過去分詞

　　表示過去不應該做某事而實際上卻做了。

　　You shouldn’t / oughtn’t to have crossed the road when the lights were red. (But you did.)

　　They shouldn’t / oughtn’t to have left so soon. (But they did.)

　　7) would have + 過去分詞

　　表示對現在或將來某時之前業已完成的動作的推測。可譯為，“可能”、“也許”、“想必”。

　　He would have arrived by now.

　　She would have recovered by then.

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