七、-ING分詞作定語

　　-ING分詞可以單獨作定語，也可以構成合成詞作定語，但在更多情況下是分詞短語作定語，包括限定性和非限定性(用逗號與其他部分分開)，在意義上相當于一個定語從句(包括限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句)

　　32) Jacob Lawrence executed many cycles of paintings significant social themes.

　　[A] expressed [B] expressing [C] express [D] expression of

　　33) The name Nebraska comes from the Oto Indian word “nebrathka”， flat water.

　　[A] to mean [B] meaning [C] it means [D] by meanig

　　34) The production of tin ore in the United States is relatively insignificant， less than one hundred tons annually.

　　[A] amounting to [B] in the amount [C] amounts to it [D] to the amount of

　　八、-ING的完成時、被動語態與否定形式

　　1. 如果-ING分詞表示的是一般性動作，(即不指明是現在、過去或將來)不表示動作的先后或與謂語所表示的動作同時或幾乎同時發生，這時要用-ING的一般形式

　　35) Revolution means the productive forces.

　　[A] to liberate [B] to have liberated [C] liberating [D] having been liberated

　　36) It is a simple matter [A] to have found [B] the density of a gas [C] from its formula [D] .

　　2. 但如果-ING分詞所表示的動作先于句子謂語發生，就要用“(not)having+-ED分詞”表示完成時

　　37) by the journey， he went to bed immediately after he came back home.

　　[A] Being exhausted [B] To have exhausted [C] Having exhausted [D] Having been exhausted

　　38) with an accedent， he arrived at the station ten minutes late.

　　[A] Having met [B] To have met [C] Meeting [D] Having been met

　　3. 當非限定性動詞-ING的邏輯主語是-ING所表示的動作對象時要用-ING的被動形式，包括其一般形式“(not)being + -ED分詞和完成形式”(not)having been +-ED分詞“

　　39) Solids， liquids， and gases at rest all have a tendency to resist in motion.

　　[A] setting[B] to set[C] being set[D] to be set

　　40) Upon questioning [A] he denied having killed [B] the old woman with [C] the home-made [D] gun.

　　4. -ING的否定形式是把not加在-ING的前邊

　　41) of the change in the meeting time， Mike arrived late.

　　[A] Not having notified[B] Not notifying[C] Not to notify[D] Not having been notified

　　42) I regret hard at school.

　　[A] not to have worked[B] not having worked[C] not have worked[D] having not worked

　　九、-ING分詞的邏輯主語

　　1. -ING分詞除了具有動詞的特點以外，它還有名詞的特點，即可以加物主代詞(如my，your，his等)和名詞的屬格(如Wang Qing's等)來表示其邏輯主語(這時-ING的邏輯主語和句子主語不一致)

　　43) I suggest on an excursion this Sunday.

　　[A] we are going [B] to go [C] us going [D] our going

　　44) on a clear day， far from the city crowds， the mountains give him a sense of infinite peace.

　　[A] If walking [B] While walking [C] Walking [D] When one is walking

　　45) Marta [A] being chosen [B] as the most outstanding [C] student on her campus made her parents [D] very happy.

　　2. 還有一種-ING分詞的邏輯主語與句子主語不一致的情況，這時直接可用“-ING分詞的主語+-ING”來表示，這樣的-ING分詞短語可由介詞引導。這種結構叫獨立結構

　　46) A new technique ， the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.

　　[A] to have been worked out [B] having worked out

　　[C] working out [D] having been worked out

　　47) Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office， but our work ， we declined the offer.

　　[A] not being finished[B] not having finished[C] had not been finished[D] was not finished

　　3. 如果邏輯主語已和句子主語一致，那么其邏輯主語就可省略(在使用這種用法時要注意：-ING分詞所表示的動作[ZZ(]一定[ZZ)]是主語所發出的，也就是說-ING分詞的邏輯主語[ZZ(]一定[ZZ)]是主句的主語。試比較下列句子)

　　Getting into the room， I smelled a terrible smell.(getting 是 I 的動作)

　　Getting into the room， it give a terrible smell. (錯誤)

　　Walking through the forest， we found many strange animals. (walking 是 we 發出的)

　　Walking through the forest， a lot of animals are there. (錯誤)

　　Looking out of the window of our hotel room， we saw zigzag mountains. (Looking的使動者是we)

　　Looking out of the window of our hotel room， there were zigzag mountians.(錯誤)

　　48) Never attempting to be a literary stylist， in her novels.

　　[A] she considered the plot the most important element

　　[B] the most important element considered to be the plot

　　[C] considering the plot the most important element

　　[D] the plot was considered to be the most important element

　　49) with the new method， the material does not break up easily.

　　[A] To have treated [B] Having treated [C] Being treated [D] Having been treated

　　50) Attempting to reach his home before the storm， .

　　[A] the bicycle of John broke down[B] it happened that John's bike broke down

　　[C] the storm caught John[D] John had an accident on his bicycle

　　4. -ING分詞的主語可以與做主語的名詞或代詞(即代詞的主格)一致，放在-ING前邊，與

　　-ING分詞構成邏輯上的“主謂”關系。但是，-ING分詞(還有-ED分詞)短語作狀語時，也可以有自己獨立的邏輯上的“主語”。這種結構與主句不發生句法上的聯系，叫做獨立結構。在很多情況下它都相當于各種形式的狀語，表示一種伴隨的動作或情況

　　51) Weather ， we'll go sightseeing.

　　[A] permitted[B] is permitted[C] permitting[D] is permitting

　　52) There are four factories in our institute， .

　　[A] each to have over 100 workers[B] each having over 100 worders

　　[C] which there are over 100 workers[D] with each that has over 100 workers

　　53) We went to [A] the World Park， Xiao Wang act [B] as guide for [C] he had been there several times [D]。

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