Part B

　　Directions:

　　In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the lish A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices that do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

　　Archaeological study covers an extremely long span of time and a great variety of subjects. The earliest subjects of archaeological study date from the origins of humanity. These include fossil remains believed to be of human ancestors who lived 3.5 million to 4.5 million years ago. The earliest archaeological sites include those at Hadar, Ethiopia; Laetoli, Tanzania; East Turkana, Kenya; and elsewhere in East Africa. These sites contain evidence of the first appearance of bipedal (upright-walking, apelike early humans).41. ___________

　　The first physically modern humans, Homo sapiens, appeared in tropical Africa between 200,000 and 150,000 years ago—dates determined by molecular biologists and archaeologists working together. Dozens of archaeological sites throughout Asia and Europe show how people migrated from Africa and settled in these two continents during the last Ice Age (100,000 to 15,000 years ago). 42. ___________

　　Archaeologists have documented that the development of agriculture took place about 10,000 years ago. Early domestication—the planting and harvesting of plants and the breeding and herding of animals—is evident in such places as the ancient settlement of Jericho in Jordan and in Tehuacán Valley in Mexico. Archaeology plays a major role in the study of early civilizations, such as those of the Sumerians of Mesopotamia, who built the city of Ur, and the ancient Egyptians, who are famous for the pyramids near the city of Giza and the royal sepulchres (tombs) of the Valley of the Kings at Thebes. 43. ___________

　　Archaeological research spans the entire development of phenomena that are unique to humans. For instance, archaeology tells the story of when people learned to bury their dead and developed beliefs in an afterlife. Sites containing signs of the first simple but purposeful burials in graves date to as early as 40,000 years ago in Europe and Southwest Asia. By the time people lived in civilizations, burials and funeral ceremonies had become extremely important and elaborate rituals. 44. ___________

　　Archaeology also examines more recent historical periods. Some archaeologists work with historians to study American colonial life, for example. They have learned such diverse information as how the earliest colonial settlers in Jamestown, Virginia, traded glass beads for food with native Algonquian peoples; how the lives of slaves on plantations reflected their roots in Africa; and how the first major cities in the United States developed. 45. ___________

　　[A] For example, the Moche lords of Sipán in coastal Peru were buried in about AD 400 in fine cotton dress and with exquisite ornaments of bead, gold, and silver. Few burials rival their lavish sepulchres. Being able to trace the development of such rituals over thousands of years has added to our understanding of the development of human intellect and spirit.

　　[B] By 40,000 years ago people could be found hunting and gathering food across most of the regions of Africa. Populations in different regions employed various technological developments in adapting to their different environments and climates.

　　[C] Archaeological studies have also provided much information about the people who first arrived in the Americas over 12,000 years ago.

　　[D] The first fossil records of vascular plants—that is, land plants with tissue that carries food—appeared in the Silurian period. They were simple plants that had not developed separate stems and leaves.

　　[E] Laetoli even reveals footprints of humans from 3.6 million years ago. Some sites also contain evidence of the earliest use of simple tools. Archaeologists have also recorded how primitive forms of humans spread out of Africa into Asia about 1.8 million years ago, then into Europe about 900,000 years ago.

　　[F] One research project involves the study of garbage in present-day cities across the United States. This garbage is the modern equivalent of the remains found in the archaeological record. In the future, archaeologists will continue to move into new realms of study.

　　[G] Other sites that represent great human achievement are as varied as the cliff dwellings of the ancient Anasazi (a group of early Native Americans of North America) at Mesa Verde, Colorado; the Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the Andes Mountains of Peru; and the mysterious, massive stone portrait heads of remote Easter Island in the Pacific.

　　答案

　　41.E 42.C 43.G 44.A 45.F

　　總體分析

　　本文主要論述了考古學研究的發展，它延續了整個人類發展的歷史(從人類起源之初到現代社會)，涉及了多種多樣的主題(包括最早出現的人類，人類的遷徙、文明、埋葬儀式、美國殖民生活、現代城市垃圾等)。

　　[A] 比如，西潘地區莫切人的貴族們約在公元400年被埋葬，身著優質的棉質禮服，佩帶著精致的珠子和金銀裝飾。很少有能與他們墳墓的華麗相媲美的。能夠追溯這些儀式幾千年的發展有助于我們理解人類智力和精神的發展。

　　[B] 到40萬年前可以發現人們在非洲大部分地區狩獵和采集食物。不同地區的居民利用各種技術的發展來適應各自所處的不同環境與氣候。

　　[C] 考古研究也提供了關于12萬年前首先到達美洲的人類的許多信息。

　　[D] 最早的導管植物(即帶有運載食物組織的陸地植物)的化石記錄出現在志留紀時代。它們是沒有形成獨立的莖和葉的簡單植物。

　　[E] 利特里甚至展現了360萬年前的人類的足跡。一些遺址也包含了最早使用的簡單工具的證據。考古學家們還記錄了原始人類如何在約180萬年前從非洲擴展到亞洲，然后在約90萬年前進入歐洲的。

　　[F] 一個研究項目涉及對全美國現代城市垃圾的研究。這種垃圾相當于現代社會中發現的考古記錄的遺骸。將來，考古學家會繼續開拓新的研究領域。

　　[G] 其他代表人類偉大成就的遺址各式各樣，像科羅拉多州梅莎爾地的古代阿納薩齊人(北美洲的一群早期土著美國人)的崖下住居;位于秘魯安梯斯山脈高處的馬丘比丘的印加城;偏遠的太平洋復活節島上神秘而巨大的石刻人頭肖像。