17).

　　A. before

　　B. lately

　　C. never

　　D. ever

　　正確答案： D

　　答案解析：此處是一個more than的比較結構，現在和以前做比較。本句意為“所以在考慮義務或付費的社區服務時，現在比一個人剛開始工作時有更多的機會。”D ever“曾經”符合句意，故D為正確答案。

　　18).

　　A. team

　　B. number

　　C. staff

　　D. crowd

　　正確答案： C

　　答案解析：本題考查詞匯知識。根據句意，“大多數義務性的組織只有少數全職員工”。C staff“全體職工，全體人員”為最佳答案。

　　19).

　　A. In

　　B. By

　　C. With

　　D. Through

　　正確答案： A

　　答案解析：本題考查介詞。in some ways是固定搭配，意為“在某些地方”。故A為正確答案。

　　20).

　　A. look at

　　B. comment

　　C. enjoy

　　D. judge

　　正確答案： D

　　答案解析：本題考查詞匯知識。下文by commercial criteria(根據商業準則)提示此處選擇D judge“判斷，評價”。B comment意為“評論”，不合適。

　　二、閱讀理解

　　1. Sport psychology research has documented the important rote of significant adults such as parents and coaches in youth participants' psychosocial development and achievement motivation. However, the situation concerning parents and coaches in youth sport is somewhat of a conundrum—the roles of coach and parent are often synonymous, suggesting not simply an independent relationship with the child participant.

　　In recent years, a growing body of literature has emerged on parent influence in youth sport based on these and other theories. First, research shows that parents who are more supportive and less pressuring of their children are associated with youth participants who report higher perceived competence, enjoyment, and intrinsic motivation toward sport. Second, parents who encourage their child's participation and exhibit enjoyment of physical activity are related to children who report higher perceived competence and attraction toward physical activity. Finally, parents who hold stronger positive beliefs about their child's physical competence are associated with children who report higher self-perceptions, value toward sport, and physical activity levels.

　　A prevalent phenomenon of North American culture is the parent-coach dual role. Most coaches in competitive youth sport are parents of one or more of their players. Brown estimated that about 90% of the volunteer coaches in a given community are a parent of one or more team members. Although one can forward several positive aspects of the parent-coach phenomenon, there is also the potential for youth to perceive stress from this parent-child relationship. Several researchers reported that adolescent athletes felt pressure from their coaches and parents to perform well, and desired that parents be sources of social support and leave skill and strategy instruction to the coach's domain. Collectively, anecdotal accounts and empirical data suggest that exploring the benefits and costs of parents coaching their children is a worthy topic from both theoretical and applied perspectives.

　　Therefore, based on previous research on the role of parents and coaches in youth development, the purpose of the present study was to gain knowledge about the parent-coach phenomenon in competitive youth sport. We accomplished this purpose by interviewing youth soccer players who were coached by their parent, the child's teammates, and the parent-coach. We expect that child participants would identify both positive and negative aspects of having a parent as their coach, in line with previous research, but we were most curious to know if different issues would be raised about the unique parent-coach/child-athlete relationship.

　　1). What does the word "conundrum" (Line 4, Para. 1) most probably mean?

　　A. Contradictory; with many disagreement

　　B. A difficult problem

　　C. Indistinct or not clear in definition

　　D. Not yet having been ascertained or determine

　　正確答案： B

　　答案解析：詞義題;該詞在原文的位置非常關鍵，所以要推斷這個詞的意思，我們需要對整個段落的含義有很好的把握。conundrum出現在這個以however引導的句子中，這個句子之前的句子表達的意思是“運動心理學的很多研究都記錄了父母和教練在青少年的心理發展和成就動機中的作用”。而破折號之后的內容給我們的提示更加直接，說父母和教練的情況并沒有那么簡單。那我們需要的就是在選項中尋找一個“簡單”的反義詞，比較閱讀4個選項，B選項所表示的“難題”符合上下文的要求，是我們需要的正確答案。

　　2). What is the main idea of paragraph 2?

　　A. The influences from parents to children's competence can be either positive or negative

　　B. Parents' beliefs and behaviors are strongly related to children's psychological and behavioral outcome

　　C. Parents who give less pressuring can raise more competitive athlete

　　D. With the encouragement from parents, children can have inner motivations themselves

　　正確答案： B

　　答案解析：段落主旨題;提問方式很直接，我們通讀第二段之后進行總結，段落中的3個層次非常清楚，考生在閱讀中要首先關注“First Second和Finally”這樣的結構標志詞。在這樣清楚的結構中，我們再比較閱讀4個選項，A選項是不對的，原文的3個層次所論述的都是家長對孩子積極的影響，A選項所說的negative是原文沒有的，排除A選項。B選項的概括是全面而正確的。C選項和D選項的錯誤類型一樣，都是片面的選項，請考生比較全面的正確選項和片面的干擾選項，體會命題思路。

　　3). What does the author mean when he talked about the "dual role" of parent-coach in North American?

　　A. Some coaches are also parents of the young athlete

　　B. The parent-coach can give the athletes both positive aspects and pressure

　　C. The negative influence of a parent-coach can outweigh the positive one

　　D. A parent-coach may have different influences on individual athletes and collective one

　　正確答案： A

　　答案解析：細節題;在考研的閱讀理解命題中，越來越多的題目開始和主旨相關，以這個題目為例，我們將它歸類為細節題，但實際上要正確解答這個題目，仍然需要我們對于段落的大意有清晰的把握。按照題目中的定位線索dual role我們找到原文的第三段，要理解這里所說的dual role究竟是怎樣的角色，從段落中我們可以看到“Most coaches in competitive youth sport are parents of one or more of their players”，也就是說在北美，很多教練同時也是青少年運動員的父母，這就是雙重角色在文章中的含義。比較閱讀4個選項，我們可以知道A選項是正確答案。

　　4). What are the researchers most interested to know about in their current study?

　　A. To make sure about the positive or negative aspects of having a parent as a coach

　　B. To interview young athletes face-to-face instead of just review the previous studies

　　C. To find out some new perspectives to address the parent-coach/child-athlete relationship

　　D. To include the teammates of the young athletes, not just their parents/coaches in the stud

　　正確答案： C

　　答案解析：細節題;我們在原文僅剩下的最后一段中尋找，看到倒數第二行這樣一個表達“most curious to know”，和題目中要求我們回答的“most interested to know about”屬于同義表達，所以原文中的“ if different issues would be raised about the unique parent-coach/child athlete relationship”就是我們需要尋找的答題信息，比較閱讀4個選項，我們可以看到C選項的表達和這里的信息是符合的，是我們需要的正確答案。

　　5). Which one of the following is the best title for the passage?

　　A. Helping youth in understanding the meaning of sport

　　B. The parent-coach/child-athlete relationship in youth sport

　　C. Coaches' encouragement of athletes' imagery us

　　D. The relationship between school education and sports coaching

　　正確答案： B

　　答案解析：標題選擇題，是文章主旨的變形命題方式;回顧全文信息，尤其是我們在解答前面4個題目的過程中所重點閱讀的部分，我們可以將全文的信息歸納為：對于同時為人父母并兼作教練對于孩子的心理發展和運動成績等方面的影響。在4個選項之中，我們可以看到B選項的概括是切題并且正確的。

　　2. According to comScore, Facebook is the leading social networking site based on monthly unique visitors, having overtaken main competitor MySpace in April 2008. According to Alexa, the website's ranking among all websites increased from 60th to 7th in terms of worldwide traffic, from September 2006 to September 2007, and is currently 5th. Quantcast ranks the website 15th in U.S. in terms of traffic, and Compete. com ranks it 14th in U.S.

　　The Internet phenomenon, which boasts 80 million users worldwide, exploded in popularity over the past year as a convenient way for Web users to communicate and share personal details with selected groups of friends or acquaintances. But grammatical errors in the automated messages Facebook uses to personalize pronouns when members share information with their friends have proliferated since the site expanded from English-only into 15 new languages in recent months.

　　And now, Facebook will press members to declare whether they are male or female, seeking to end the grammatical device that leads the site to refer to individual users as "they" or "themself." "We've gotten feedback from translators and users in other countries that translations wind up being too confusing when people have not specified a sex on their profiles," Facebook product manager Naomi Gleit said in a company statement.

　　In English, when users fail to specify what gender they are, Facebook defaults to some form of the gender neutral, plural pronoun "they." That option is unavailable when the plural is always masculine or feminine in other languages. "People who haven't selected what sex they are frequently get defaulted to the wrong sex," Gleit wrote.

　　Unless the gender of the user is clear, Facebook does not know which pronoun to use to notify other members add information to the site. This common English problem is multiplied in languages where masculine and feminine distinctions are grammatically ingrained.

　　The site will now ask users to specify whether they are male or female on their basic member- ship profile. It will prompt existing users to define themselves. Facebook has an opt-out option for members who choose not to specify their gender or do not consider gender to be clear cut. Members can remove mention of gender from messages about their activities. "We've received pushback in the past from groups that find the male/female distinction too limiting," Gleit said.

　　1). What does the word "traffic" (Line3, Paragraph1) most probably mean?

　　A. The number of visits to a certain website

　　B. The change of website ranking

　　C. The amount of profit a website able to generate annually

　　D. The trend in communication industry

　　正確答案： A

　　答案解析：詞義題;我們首先查看目標詞匯在原文出現的語言環境，原文中“the website's ranking among all websites increased from 60th to 7th in terms of worldwide traffic”這樣的表達以及整個段落所討論的facebook這個網站越來越流行的種種跡象，我們知道這里的traffic是在討論和網絡有關的問題，結合上下文，這里的traffic作為訪問量來解釋是最符合要求的，而比較4個選項，A選項表達了這樣的意思，是正確答案。

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