Since 1975 advocates of humane treatment of animals have broadened their goals to oppose the use of animals for fur，leather，wool and food.They have moaned protests against all forms of hunting and the trapping of animals in the wild.And they have joined environmentalists in urging protection of natural habitats from commercial or residential development.The occasion for these added emphases was the publication in 1975 of Animal Liberation：A New Ethics for Our Treatment ofAnimals by Peter Singer，formerly a professor ofphUosophy at Oxford University in England.This book gave a new impetus to the animal rights movement.

　　The post 1 975 animal rights activists are far more vocal than theirpredecessors，and the organizations to which they belong are generally more radical.Many new organizations are formed.The tactics of the activists are designed to catch the attention of the public.Since the mid 1 980s there have been frequent newsreports about animal rights organizations picketing stores that sell furs，harassing hunters in the wild，or breaking into laboratories to free animals.Some of the more extreme organizations advocate the use of assault，armed terrorism，and death threats to make their point.Aside from making isolated attacks on people who wear fur coats or trying to prevent hunters from killing animals，most of the organizations have directed their tactics at institutions.

　　The results of the protests and other tactics have been mixed.Companies are reducing reliance on animal testing.Medical research has been somewhat curtailed by legal restrictions and the reluctance of younger workers to use animals in research.New tests have been developed to replace the use of animals.Some well—known designers have stopped using fur.

　　While the general public tends to agree that animals should be treated humanely，most people are unlikely to give up eating meat or wearing goods made from leather and wool. Giving up genuine fur has become less of a problem，since fibers used to makefake fur such as the Japanese invention Kanecaron can look almost identical to real fur.Some of the strongest opposition to the animal rights movement has come from hunters and their organizations.But animal rights activists have succeeded in marshaling public opinion to press for state restrictions on hunting in several parts of the nation.

　　1.1 975 was an important year in the history of animal treatment because

　　[A]many people began to call for humane treatment of animals that year

　　[B]a new book was published that broadened the animal rights movement

　　[C]the environmentalists began to show interest in animal protection

　　[D]the trapping of animals began to go wild all through the world

　　2.Some animal rights organizations advocate the use of extreme means in order to

　　[A]wipe out cruel people [B]stop using animals in the laboratory

　　[C]attack hunters in the wild [D]catch full public attention

　　3.By saying“the results ofthe protests and other tactics have been mixed”(Line 1，Para.3)，the author means

　　[A]the protest and other tactics have produced desired effects

　　[B]the protest and other tactics almost amounted to nothing

　　[C]the protest and other tactics have some influence on the public

　　[D]the protest and other tactics have proved to be too radical

　　4.The word“marshaling”(Line 5，Para.4)probably means

　　[A]conducting [B]popularizing [C]changing [D]outraging

　　5.It seems that the author ofthis article

　　[A]is strongly opposed to the animal rights movement

　　[B]is in favor ofthe animal rights movement

　　[C]supports the use of violence in animal protection

　　[D]hatestheuse offakefurfor clothes

　　核心詞匯

　　advocate n.提倡者

　　philosophy n.哲學(xué)

　　predecessor n.前輩

　　tactics n.策略

　　identical adj.同樣的

　　oppose vt.反對

　　impetus.促進(jìn)

　　radicaladj.激進(jìn)的

　　reliance n.依賴

　　publication .出版

　　vocaladj.有聲的

　　assault n.攻擊

　　fake adj.假的

　　號召人道對待動物的倡導(dǎo)者們從1975年起將自己的目標(biāo)擴(kuò)大到反對利用動物來獲取毛皮、皮革、毛織品和食品的行為。他們提出抗議，反對所有形式的野外打獵和誘捕動物的活動。他們還與環(huán)境保護(hù)論者一起推進(jìn)對動物自然棲息地的保護(hù)，使之免受商業(yè)和住宅開發(fā)的侵害。1975年《解放動物：我們對待動物的新倫理》一書的出版成為動物保護(hù)運動發(fā)展過程中的一個重大事件。該書由曾為英國牛津大學(xué)哲學(xué)教授的彼得。辛格撰寫，它給予了動物權(quán)利運動新的推動力。

　　1975年以后的動物權(quán)利激進(jìn)主義者們發(fā)出的呼聲要遠(yuǎn)高于他們的前輩，而且他們所屬的組織通常也更為激進(jìn)。許多新組織成立了。激進(jìn)主義者們采取的策略是引起公眾的注意。從20世紀(jì)80年代中期起，時常有有關(guān)動物權(quán)利組織在皮草商店外示威、騷擾野外打獵者或是闖入實驗室解救動物的新聞報道：還有些更加極端的組織提倡通過襲擊、武裝恐怖行動以及死亡威脅的方式來達(dá)到他們的目的。除了對身著皮草外套的人們進(jìn)行單獨襲擊或試圖阻止打獵者們捕殺動物外，大多數(shù)組織的策略一直是針對公共機(jī)構(gòu)的。

　　抗議和其他措施帶來了各種不同的結(jié)果。公司正在減少對動物試驗的依賴;由于法律的約束以及較為年輕的工作人員不愿在研究中使用動物，醫(yī)學(xué)研究也有所減少;代替使用動物的新試驗方式已經(jīng)開發(fā)出來了;一些知名設(shè)計師也不再使用動物皮毛。

　　盡管大眾傾向于認(rèn)同應(yīng)該人道地對待動物，但大多數(shù)人還是不太可能放棄食肉或穿戴皮毛制品。放棄真正的毛皮已不再是什么問題，因為諸如日本人發(fā)明的KaIlecamn乏類鴯用‘于制造仿毛皮的纖維看起來和真正的毛皮幾乎別無二致。對動物權(quán)利運動最為強(qiáng)烈的反對有一些來自于捕獵者及其組織。但動物權(quán)利激進(jìn)主義者們已經(jīng)成功地靠引導(dǎo)公眾意愿來迫使國家對若干地區(qū)的打獵實施限制。

　　參考答案：

　　1.B 細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞1975，animal treatment定位文章第一段，。其中提到：1975年《解放動物：我們對待動物的新倫理》一書的出版成為動物保護(hù)運動發(fā)展過程中的一個重大事件(The occasion for these added emphases was the publication in 1975 of…)此書的出版大大推動了保 護(hù)動物權(quán)利運動。結(jié)合選項可知B正確。2.D 細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干信息詞advocate和extreme mean定位文章第二段Some of the more extreme organizations advocate…to make theirpoint(有些更為極端的組織提倡……來說服別人贊成他們的觀點)，而該句正是為了印證上文提到的The tactics ofthe activists are designed to catch the attention ofthe public，即所有這些都是為了引起公眾的關(guān)注，故正確答案為D.

　　3.C 推斷題。由題干內(nèi)容定位文章第三段，從文中可知，公司正逐漸減少對動物試驗的依賴，利用動物進(jìn)行醫(yī)學(xué)研究的行為也受到了法律的約束，甚至一些時裝設(shè)計師也不再用毛皮制作時裝。由此可知，動物權(quán)利保護(hù)者的種種努力取得了一定的效果，故正確答案為C.其余選項A“取得了理想的效果”屬于過度推斷，B“幾乎毫無成效”在文中沒有依據(jù)，C“被證明過于激進(jìn)”屬于過度推斷。 j

　　4.A 語義題。根據(jù)題干定位文章最后一句“但動物權(quán)利激進(jìn)主義者們已經(jīng)成功地靠 ____ 公眾的意愿來迫使國家對若干地區(qū)_的打獵實施限制”。由句意可先排除D“憤怒”。根據(jù)該段首句提到的“公眾開始認(rèn)同應(yīng)該人道地對待動物的觀點……”，可知公眾的觀點其實已經(jīng)改變，也得到一定普及，由此可排除B“普及”和C“改變”，只能選A“引導(dǎo)”。

　　5. 態(tài)度題。作者沒有明確表明自己的態(tài)度，但文章結(jié)尾處提到But animal rights activists have succeeded in marshaling public opinion to…(但動物權(quán)利激進(jìn)主義者們已經(jīng)成功地靠引導(dǎo)公眾意愿來迫使國家對若干地區(qū)的打獵實施限制。)，清楚地表明了作者持贊同態(tài)度。

　　編輯推薦：

　　各省市2015年考研報考費用匯總

　　2015年考研網(wǎng)上正式報名入口已開通 點擊進(jìn)入

　　2015年考研政治資料：2014年國內(nèi)外時事政治熱點

　　2015年考研政治十大重要考點預(yù)測

　　考試吧考研題庫(新增數(shù)學(xué)三) 智能做題首選 立即體驗!