3�碧厥獾囊�申推理題型

　　(1)針對作者思路的推斷

　　主要是猜測上下文可能出現的信息：首先，考生應該在分析概括文章的寫作結構基礎上進行推理。如：文章是按事物分類的敘述，而所選材料是其中一類，那么上下文就可能是對其他類別的敘述。其次，如果要求考生猜測短文之后的內容，就應該特別注意其結尾部分;如果要求考生猜測之前的內容，就應該特別注意短文的開始部分。其命題模式如下：

　　It can be assumed that the paragraph, preceding (following) the passage most probably discusses .

　　The paragraph preceding (following) this one is probably about .

　　此類題型到目前為止還未在研究生考試中的閱讀部分出現，但是我們不能排除它是將來的一種新題型。

　　(2)推斷文章來源的類型

　　要求考生在讀懂全文的基礎上判斷本篇文章選自何種書、雜志或文章的一部分。這種題目往往在文章中有所暗示。考生也可根據文章的寫作結構、行文風格去推斷其文體。此類題的例題模式如下：

　　This passage appears to be a digest of .

　　The passage is most likely a part of a .

　　Example

　　Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher’s pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened. “Scientific” creationism, which is being pushed by some for “equal time” in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of nonfundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard “scientific” creationism as bad science and bad religion.

　　The first four chapters of Kitcher’s book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.

　　Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapters on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.” And so it does—and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.(1996年 Passage 5)

　　This passage appears to be a digest of .

　　[A] a book review [B] a scientific paper

　　[C] a magazine feature [D] a newspaper editorial

　　文章首段以20本關于創造論與進化論之爭的書開始，然后在第二段和第三段專門介紹金切爾著作的結構內容和突出特點，最后引用斯蒂芬·杰·古爾德的對話對此書做出高度評價，因此可以看出這是一篇典型的書評。英語書評的寫作特點是：一般會先給出背景知識，接著介紹該書的主要內容，最后對所介紹的書籍做出一個總體評價。正確答案應該是[A]選項。

　　(3)判斷文章寫作方法

　　這種題型在2005年試題中首次出現，體現了閱讀理解選擇題開始從對局部信息的考查轉向對文章組織結構的考查。考生需要了解不同類型英語文章的特點，開頭、結尾方式及段落的拓展技巧，只有對文章整體組織結構有了清楚的了解，解答此類題型才能得心應手。

　　Example

　　Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be ourtaged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.(2005年Text 1)

　　In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by

　　[A] posing a contrast. [B] justifying an assumption.

　　[C] making a comparison. [D] explaining a phenomenon.

　　第一段先舉例：當知道懶散的同事拿到比自己更多的薪水時，每個人都會很氣憤。接著文章指出，這樣的行為被看作是“人之常情”，它潛在地假定了其他動物沒有這種高度發達的不滿情緒。轉折but在首段出現非常重要，它往往是主題出現的標志，即前面的內容被推翻，之后的新觀點才是要論證的主題。該段but之后提出主題：研究表明猴子也有類似的情感。可見，第一段主要使用了類比論證手法，將猴子與人做比較，找出它們的相似之處。因此[C]正確。

　　[A]選項中的contrast(對照)是比較兩事物的不同點。[B]選項與原文相反，原文是推翻了一個假定而證明。原文提到了發生在人類身上的一個現象，但文章并未就此提出主題，排除[D]選項。