什么是霍桑效應(Hawthorne effect)
The Hawthorne effect is a form of reactivity whereby subjects improve an aspect of their behavior being experimentally measured simply in response to the fact that they are being studied, not in response to any particular experimental manipulation. The term was coined in 1955 by Henry A. Landsberger when analyzing older experiments from 1924-1932 at the Hawthorne Works (a Western Electric manufacturing facility outside Chicago).
Hawthorne Works had commissioned a study to see if its workers would become more productive in higher or lower levels of light. The workers' productivity seemed to improve when changes were made and slumped when the study was concluded. It was suggested that the productivity gain was due to the motivational effect of the interest being shown in them. Although illumination research of workplace lighting formed the basis of the Hawthorne effect, other changes such as maintaining clean work stations, clearing floors of obstacles, and even relocating workstations resulted in increased productivity for short periods. Thus the term is used to identify any type of short-lived increase in productivity.
相關中文(轉自百度百科)
霍桑效應起源于1924年至1933年間的一系列實驗研究,其后,從1927年到1932年,喬治·埃爾頓·梅奧(George Elton Mayo)教授持續多年對霍桑實驗結果進行研究、分析。 霍桑一詞源于用于實驗的工廠,它是美國西部電氣公司座落在芝加哥的一間工廠的名稱。實驗最開始研究的是工作條件與生產效率之間的關系,包括外部環境影響條件(如照明強度、濕度)以及心理影響因素(如休息間隔、團隊壓力、工作時間、管理者的領導力)。
“霍桑效應”在學校教育中極為普遍。有一所國外的學校,在入學的時候會對每個學生進行智力測驗,以智力測驗的結果將學生分為優秀班和普通班。結果有一次在例行檢查時發現,一年之前入學的一批學生的測驗結果由于某種失誤被顛倒了,也就是說現在的優秀班其實是普通的孩子,而真正聰明的孩子卻在普通班。但是這一年的課程成績卻如同往年一樣,優秀班明顯高于普通班,并未出現異常。原本普通的孩子被當作優等生關注,他們自己也就認為自己是優秀的,額外的關注加上心理暗示使得丑小鴨真的成了白天鵝。基于霍桑效應的心理暗示還可以治療抑郁、自卑、緊張等各種心理疾病,霍桑效應在企業管理應用和領導行為上也卓有成效。
看到這樣的解釋,參加2010年考研英語一考試的同學們應該明白那段完形填空一下子講工廠,一下子講照明,一下子又講經濟是為什么了吧。
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