專業(yè)化與職業(yè)化

　　1 、Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.

　　專業(yè)化可被視為針對科學(xué)知識(shí)不斷膨脹這個(gè)問題所做出的反應(yīng)。通過將學(xué)科細(xì)化，個(gè)人能夠繼續(xù)處理這些不斷膨脹的信息并將它們作為深入研究的基礎(chǔ)。但是專業(yè)化僅是科學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)一系列影響交流過程的有關(guān)現(xiàn)象之一。另一現(xiàn)象是科學(xué)活動(dòng)的日益職業(yè)化。

　　2、No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.

　　在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)，專業(yè)與業(yè)余之間沒有絕對的區(qū)分：任何規(guī)律都有其例外。但是“業(yè)余”這個(gè)詞的確具有特殊的含義，那就是所指的那個(gè)人沒有完全融入某個(gè)科學(xué)家群體，具體地說，他可能并不完全認(rèn)同這個(gè)群體的價(jià)值觀。19世紀(jì)的專業(yè)化的發(fā)展，以及隨之而來的對訓(xùn)練的長期性和復(fù)雜性的要求，對業(yè)余人員進(jìn)入科學(xué)界造成了更大的困難。特別是在以數(shù)學(xué)和實(shí)驗(yàn)室訓(xùn)練為基礎(chǔ)的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域，這種傾向自然尤為明顯，這可以通過英國的地質(zhì)學(xué)發(fā)展過程得到證實(shí)。

　　3、A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, where as the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.

　　對過去一個(gè)半世紀(jì)的英國地質(zhì)出版物進(jìn)行比較，我們不但發(fā)現(xiàn)人們對研究的重視程度在不斷增加，而且人們對可以接受的論文的定義也在不斷變化。因此，在19世紀(jì)，局部的地質(zhì)研究本身就可形成一種有價(jià)值的研究;而到了20世紀(jì)，如果局部的研究能夠被專業(yè)人員接受，那么它越來越傾向于必須體現(xiàn)或思考更廣闊的地質(zhì)面貌。另一方面業(yè)余人員繼續(xù)以舊的方式從事局部的研究。其整體的結(jié)果是使業(yè)余人員進(jìn)入專業(yè)性地質(zhì)學(xué)雜志更加困難，而審稿制度的全面引進(jìn)使這個(gè)結(jié)果得到加強(qiáng)，這一制度開始是在19世紀(jì)的全國性雜志進(jìn)行，進(jìn)入20世紀(jì)后也在一些地方性地質(zhì)雜志實(shí)行。這樣發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果是出現(xiàn)了針對專業(yè)讀者和業(yè)余讀者的不同雜志。類似的分化過程也導(dǎo)致專業(yè)地質(zhì)學(xué)家聚集起來，形成一兩個(gè)全國性的團(tuán)體，而業(yè)余地質(zhì)學(xué)家則要么留在地方性團(tuán)體中，要么以不同方式組成全國性的團(tuán)體。

　　4、Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.

　　雖然職業(yè)化和專業(yè)化過程在19世紀(jì)的英國地質(zhì)學(xué)界中已經(jīng)得到迅速發(fā)展，但是它的效果直到20世紀(jì)才充分顯示出來。然而，從科學(xué)這個(gè)整體來看，19世紀(jì)必須被視為科學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生變化的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期。

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