短語動詞的四種類型

　　動詞與介詞、副詞等構成的固定短語，叫短語動詞。主要有四類：

　　一、動詞+副詞

　　有的一般不跟賓語，如go ahead, fall behind, get up, lie down, go up, run out, give in, stay up等;有的可以跟賓語，如put out, carry out, give up, wake up, check in, eat up, fill in, find out, fix up, hand in, mix up, look up, make out, turn down, work out等。

　　注意：賓語是名詞時，放在副詞前面或后面都可以，但若作賓語的是人稱代詞時，就只能放在動詞和副詞之間了。如：

　　We’ve decided to put the meeting off (=put off the meeting) . 我們決定把會議推遲。

　　We’ve decided to put it off. 我們決定將它推遲。(不說put off it)

　　二、動詞+介詞

　　如ask for, care for, call for, break into, deal with, call on, look for等。后面必須接賓語。如：

　　I don’t care for tea. 我不喜歡喝茶。

　　三、動詞+副詞+介詞

　　如look forward to, put up with, looked up to, go in for, go along with, date back to, look down on, keep up with, add up to, run out of等。如：

　　She soon caught up with us. 她很快趕上了我們。

　　四、動詞+名詞+介詞

　　如take care of, pay attention to, make use of, make contribution to做出貢獻等。如：

　　Take care of your brother while I am away. 我不在的時候，你要照顧好你弟弟。

　　動詞不定式的形式

　　1.作主語。 如：

　　To learn English is very important.

　　但實際上不定式作主語常用 it來作形式主語，而將不定式移至謂語動詞后作真正的主語。

　　如上句可表達為：

　　It's very important to learn English.

　　2.作表語。 如：

　　My idea is to ring him up at once.

　　3.作賓語。 如：

　　I have decided to go to Binjiang Primary School.

　　4.作賓語補足語。

　　a. ask, want, teach, tell, know, would like, allow等動詞后面接動詞不定式作賓語補足語。

　　如： The policemen asked him to get off the bus.

　　b. hear, see, look at, feel, watch, notice, listen to等動詞后接不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語。

　　如： We often see Miss Li clean the classroom.

　　c. let, make, have這些使役動詞后接不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語。但在被動語態中這些不帶to的都須帶上to。

　　如： In those days the bosses often made the workers work day and night.

　　d.動詞help接動詞不定式作賓語補足語，可帶to也可不帶to。

　　如： Can you help me (to) carry the heavy bag?

　　5.作定語。

　　a.與被修飾詞有動賓關系。如：I have something important to tell you.但如果不定式動詞為不及物動詞，后面的介詞千萬不要省略。

　　如： Maybe they have three rooms to live in.

　　b.與被修飾詞有主謂關系。

　　如： Mr Liang is always the first to come and the last to leave.

　　c.與被修飾之間只有修飾關系。

　　如： I have no time to play cards.

　　6.作狀語，表示目的、原因、方法、方向、結果等。

　　如： I'll go to meet my friend at the railway station.

　　7.不定式復合結構"for sb. to do sth" 作主語時，常用"It is +adj+ for

　　of sb. to do sth"的句式。形容詞good, bad, polite, unkind, kind, ice, clever,

　　right, wrong, careful等用"It is +adj +of sb. to do sth."

　　其他形容詞用 for。

　　如：

　　It's dangerous for you to ride so fast.

　　It's very kind of you to help me.

　　8.動詞不定式與疑問句who, what, which, when, how, where, whether等連用。

　　如： I don't know when to start.

　　He didn't tell me where to go.

　　但上面結構相當于一個從句，故上述句子也可表達為：

　　I don't know when we'll start.

　　He didn't tell me where he would go.

　　注意：

　　a.有些動詞或動詞短語不能帶不定式，只能接動詞的-ing形式。

　　如： enjoy, finish, keep, mind, miss(錯過),be busy, go on, keep on, be worth, practise等。

　　如： The peasants are busy picking apples.

　　Would you mind my opening the door?

　　b.有些動詞后可接不定式，也可接動詞的-ing形式，但意思不同。

　　如： Lu Jian forgot to post the letter.(該寄但還沒做)

　　Lu Jian forgot posting the letter.(已經寄過信了)

　　They stopped to sing a song.(停止在做的工作而去做另一件工作)

　　They stopped singing.(停止正在做的工作)

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