南開中學 段勝利
“that”是英語中使用頻率極高的一個詞，兼有代詞、副詞和連詞等幾個詞性，既發揮實詞的作用，又擔當架構復雜句式的重任。在每年的高考試卷中，that的考查幾乎是不可或缺的。
一個that，不同“身份”
請看下面一組句子，你能夠辨清that的詞性、詞義和作用嗎？
1. The English spoken in the United States is only slightly different from that spoken in England.
2. —Could you tell me how to get to Victoria Street?
—Victoria Street? That is where the Grand Theatre is.
3. The thought of going back home was all that kept him happy while he was working abroad.
4. A warm thought suddenly came to me that I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday.
5. Pop music is such an important part of society that it has even influenced our language.
6. Roses need special care so that they can live through winter.
7. It was in New Zealand that Elizabeth first met Mr. Smith.
8. Sometimes it was a bit boring to work there because there wasn’t always that much to do.
在上面的幾句話中，that分別表示
1.用作代詞，替代前面提到的單數不可數名詞或概念，本句中代指the English；
2.用作代詞，說明上面剛剛提到的人、事物、想法等，本句中代指Victoria Street；
3.關系代詞，在限定性定語從句中代替先行詞all，在從句充當主語；
4.從屬連詞，引導名詞性從句，只起連接作用，無具體意義，在本句中是thought的同位語；
5.引導結果狀語從句；
6.引導目的狀語從句；
7.用于強調句型中，起連接作用；
8.程度副詞，等于so。
由于在多個語法結構中，都涉及that的使用，而that又容易與其他相關的詞或結構發生混淆，所以要真正掌握that的用法，必須把握好幾組詞和結構的區別。
把握that，辨清區別
1.that和one，it
在使用作為代詞的that時，要區別好它與one和it的區別。請看下面三個題目
1. The information on the Internet gets around much more rapidly than ___ in the newspaper.
A. it B. those
C. one D. that
2. I prefer a flat in Inveneas to _____in Perth, because I want to live near my Mom’s.
A. one B. that
C. it D. this
3. In my opinion, life in the twenty-first century is much easier than ________.
A. that used to be
B. it is used to
C. it was used to
D. it used to be
答案DAD。that，one和it的區別是：它們均代表前面說過的名詞，但that代指單數不可數名詞或概念，同類但并非同一個；one代指單數可數名詞，同名異物；it代指同名同物。
2.定語從句的that和名詞從句的that
定語從句的關系代詞that在從句中有語法作用(做主語、賓語等)，而名詞從句中的從屬連詞that只是起連接名詞從句的作用，本身沒有詞義，沒有語法作用。因此，區別that到底是引導定語從句還是名詞從句，只要看其有沒有語法作用即可。例如下面兩個題目
1. Nobody believed the reason _______he explained for being absent from the class.
A. why B that
C. as D. because
2. Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class _______he had to meet his uncle at the air port.
A. why B that
C. where D. because
答案BB。第一個句子是定語從句，that代替先行詞reason，在從句中作賓語(he explained the reason)；第二個句子是名詞從句，that引導的從句做reason的同位語，是進一步說明reason的內容，that只起連接從句的作用，在從句中不擔當任何成分。
3.高度警惕的幾個陷阱
你不妨先試著回答下面幾個題目
1. Harry Potter is such an interesting book _____ everybody likes to read.
A. that B. as
C. which D. /
2. It was along the Mississippi River ____ Mark Twain spent much of his childhood.
A. how B. which
C. that D. where
3. It was evening we reached the little town of Winchester.
A. that B. until
C. since D. before
4.—— Where did you get to know her?
—— It was on the farm______we worked.
A. that B. where
C. which D. there
5.—— He got his first book published. It turned out to be a bestseller.
—— When was that?
—— It was in 2000 ______he was still in college.
A. that B. then
C. which D. when
