[Page80]
We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist (免疫學家)Mark Laudenslger, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could mot. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system.
注：1. vulnerable易受傷害的
2. immune defense 免疫系統
3. found之后是試驗告訴我們的觀點
4. depress壓抑，de往下
Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don't develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists' suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.
注：1. 看第一句三個單詞就知道本段內容和上一段相同。
2. passive被動的
21. Laudenslager's experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who could turn off the electricity ______.
A) was strengthened
B) was not affected
C) was altered
D) was weakened
注：定位文章第一段found之后
22. According to the passage, the experience of helplessness causes rats to ______.
A) try to control unpleasant stimuli
B) turn off the electricity
C) become abnormally suspicious
D) behave passively in controllable situations
注：定位第二段But之后那句話
23. The reason why the mice in Ader's experiment avoided saccharin was that ______ .
A) they disliked its taste
B) it affected their immune systems
C) it led to stomach pains
D) they associated it with stomachaches
22. The first paragraph is mainly about _____.
(A) the teenagers' criticism of their parents
(B) misunderstandings between teenagers and their parents
(C) the dominance of the parents over their children
(D) the teenagers' ability to deal with crises
注：段落主旨，B和C只說了一部分。
It is natural for young people to be critical of their parents at times and to blame them for most of the misunderstandings between them. They have always complained, more or less justly, that their parents are out of touch with modern ways; that they are possessive and dominant that they do not trust their children to deal with crises; that they talk too much about certain problems and that they have no sense of humour, at least in parent-child relationships. I think it is true that parents often underestimate their teenage children and also forget how they themselves felt when young. Young people often irritate their parents with their choices in clothes and hairstyles, in entertainers and music. This is not their motive. They feel cut off from the adult world into which they have not yet been accepted. So they create a culture and society of their own. Then, if it turns out that their music or entertainers or vocabulary or clothes or hairstyles irritate their parents, this gives them additional enjoyment. They feel they are superior, at least in a small way, and that they are leaders in style and taste.
注：1. critical吹毛求疵的，很重要的
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