10． 運用語法知識 

　　四級完形填空中也相當一部分是考查語法的試題，主要集中在虛擬語氣、定語從句和狀語從句和倒裝句。 
　　(1)根據虛擬語氣選擇時態 
　　If all places __87_ alike, there would be little need for geographers. 
　　87. A. being B. are C. be D. were 
　　本題是對虛擬從句中時態的考查。首先，從主句的時態可以判斷這是個虛擬條件句，從句中應該使用虛擬語氣。四個選項中只有D是虛擬語氣的結構，答案為D。 

　　(2)根據句子的虛擬條件選擇連詞 
　　Even those who had little or no training in science might not have made their inventions _89__ a ground-work had not been laid by scientists years before. 
　　89. A. as B. if C. because D. while 
　　本題所考查的是虛擬條件從句與其它從句的區別。從上下文的語義和主從句的時態可以判斷，這里是虛擬語氣，答案為B。 

　　(3) 正確判斷定語從句 
　　只有當確定定語從句以后，才能正確地選擇關系詞。在定語從句的確定中，首先確定關聯詞所連接的是一簡單句，并列句還是從句，尤其是在兩句之間有逗號相隔的情況下。如： 
　　① The word geography (comes) from two Greek words, ge, the Greek word for "earth", and graphein, __75_ means "to write". 
　　75. A. what B. that C. which D. it 
　　可以判斷the Greek word for "earth",為同位語，用來說明解釋 ge， 從句法結構的對稱來看graphein 后也應該是用來解釋說明graphein的，這就說明，graphein后不是一個簡單句，而是一個定語從句，從逗號的使用可以很容易判斷，并且是一個非限制性定語從句，說明答案為C。 
　　② He invited a lot of people to his birthday party, all of ____ were professors. 
　　A. them B. whom C. which D. those 
　　這句話涉及定語從句的辨別。如果填them，就成了一個簡單句，但兩句之間沒有連詞，不符合英語的句法要求。如果填whom則為非限制性定語從句，對主句內容進行補充說明。 

　　(4) 注意定語從句的關系詞的運用 
　　有時，四個選項都是定語從句的關系詞，很顯然是考查定語從句關系詞的使用。在關系詞的選擇中可從兩點去考慮，一是先行詞為何，二是關系詞在定語從句中的作用。如： 
　　① Through these less direct routes, longer and slower, they generally go to place __88_ the air is clean and the scenery is beautiful, and the driver may have a (chance) to get a fresh, clean (view) of the world. 
　　88. A. there B. which C. when D. where 
　　這一個定語從句關系詞的考查題。其中三個選項都可做定語從句的關系詞。根據定語從句的先行詞，以及先行詞在從句中的作用，可以判斷，本題答案為D。 

　　② The behavior and ideals of people change according to circumstances, but they can always go back or go on to something new __79__ is better and higher than anything (in) the past. 
　　79. A. that B. what C. whichever D. whatever 
　　先行詞是something， 關系詞在從句中做主語，說明，關系詞應該是that，即A。 

　　③ These highways generally (connect) large urban centers which means that they become crowded with (heavy) traffic during rush hours, __79_ the "fast, direct" way becomes a very slow route. 
　　79. A. when B. for C. but D. that (CET4-90.1) 
　　從句所表達的是什么時候這種直接快捷的高速公路變得如此緩慢，是對的解釋，先行詞為時間，關系詞在從句中做狀語，說明答案為A。

    (5)根據定語從句的關系詞判斷先行詞 

　　如先行詞不同，關系詞也隨著不同，只有當先行詞為表示地點時關系詞才可用where。所以從關系詞的使用情況可以判斷先行詞的類別。四六級完形填空中不乏此類的考題。如： 

　　① This is thought to be a __89__ where further study is called (for). 
　　89. A. scope B. field C. range D. district 
　　根據關系詞where和從句中所表示的"研究",可以確定先行詞應該是field"領域"。 
　　② The __62_ a meal is cooked and served is most important and an (attractively) served meal will often improve a child's appetite. 
　　62. A. procedure B. process C. way D. method 
　　定語從句的關系詞省略，關系詞在從句中又不做任何成分，說明先行詞一定是way。 

　　(6) 根據先行詞的修飾語判斷從句中副詞的使用 

　　當定語從句的先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時，從句中應該用完成時態并且用ever。如果了解這一規律，下面一題可輕松解答。 

　　The largest brain _71__ examined belonged to a person of weak (mind). 
　　71. A. ever B. then C. never D. once 
　　初看，這里沒有什么定語從句，實際上，分詞做定語與從句做定語概念是一樣的，只是結構的差別而已。這里的分詞做定語就相當于that had ever been examined，因此，考生還是可以按照定語從句的規律來判斷。 

　　(7)根據上下文的邏輯關系判斷狀語從句連詞的使用 

　　① It shook violently _89__ it touched the ground and then moved rapidly (along) the runway and after a long run it stopped safely. 
　　89. A. as B. unless C. while D. so 
　　飛機著陸與劇烈振動之間既有因果關系，又有時間上的關系，但沒有條件的關系，因為這里所描述的是具體發生的事情。如為因果，則著陸為因，振動為果；D因果倒置，不對。表示時間的連詞while從句中一般與持續性動詞或狀態動詞連用，表示一個動作在另一個動作的過程之中發生，顯然與本句的情況不符。答案應是A，as表示同時發生。 
　　 ② Did you ever have someone's name on the tip of your tongue and yet you were unable to recall it? __71__ this happens again, do not (try) to recall it. 
　　71. A. As B. When C. While D. Whether 
　　71所表示的應該是表示時間的副詞。A，B，C都可連接時間狀語從句，其中A強調同時發生；C強調主句謂語動詞在從句謂語動詞的進行之中發生，兩者都與本題不符，答案應該是When。 
　　③ Most children with healthy appetites are ready to eat almost anything that is offered them and a child rarely dislikes food __61_ it is badly cooked. 
　　61. A. if B. until C. that D. unless 
　　從意思上講，孩子喜歡與不喜歡某一飯菜和飯菜做的質量之間應該是條件或因果的關系。從本句所表達的方式來看應該是"除非飯菜做的不好，孩子是很少會不喜歡的"，由此看來，答案應該是D。 
　　④ The United States is well-known for its network of major highways designed to help a driver get from one place to another in the shortest possible time. _71__ these wide modern roads are generally (smooth) and well maintained, with (little) sharp curves and many straight (sections), a direct route is not always the most (enjoyable) one. 
　　71. A. Although B. Because C. Since D. Therefore 
　　從句介紹高速公路的優點，而主句提出其不足，前后顯然是轉折的關系，從句為讓步狀語從句，答案為A。 

    (8) 注意分析連詞在從句中的作用和語意要求。 

　　① We know, however, __88__ no two places are exactly the same. 
　　88. A. although B. be C. whether D. that 
　　從結構上看，空格后為賓語從句，A，B不能引導賓語從句，可以排除。從句中沒有疑問或判斷的意思，所以答案應該是D。 
　　② Professors do not have the time to explain __81_ a university library works. 
　　81. A. when B. what C. why D. how 
　　空格后表示解釋的內容，自然是做賓語的，為賓語從句。從連詞和句子的關系來看，應該是表示方式，即解釋如何使用圖書館，答案為D。 

    (9)注意倒裝的條件 

　　英語中主謂倒裝的情況很多，如，only + 狀語置于句首倒裝，含有否定意味的詞置于句首倒裝；so表示某人也如何；neither/nor表示某人也不如何，置于句首倒裝，虛擬語氣中條件句if省略，將were/should/had置于句首等等。這幾年的完形填空中對倒裝語序的考查集中在nor的使用上。如： 
　　① Human brains are the (same). No scientists could examine a brain and tell you the race to which the individual belonged. Brains will (vary) in size, but this occurs within every race. __70_ does size have anything to do with intelligence. 
　　70. A. Only B. Or C. Nor D. So 
　　② Under __79__ circumstance must a child be coaxed (or) forced to eat. 
　　79. A. some B. such C. such D. no 
　　以上兩題中都是采用了倒裝語序。而四個選項中只有一個為否定詞。按照含有否定意味的詞提前，主謂倒裝的原則，兩題都應選擇否定詞。第一題答案為C，表示人腦的大小同智力也沒有什么關系；第二題答案為D，表示在任何情況下都不應該強迫或哄騙孩子進食。 

(二) 運用篇章技巧 

　　一個完整的語篇，一篇內容充實，結構合理，行文流暢的短文所依賴的不只是詞匯和語法，更多的是篇章技巧。作者借助于篇章技巧成文，同學們在復現作者的語言時同樣可以借助篇章技巧。完形填空畢竟不同于單項選擇，作為一個意思連貫，結構完整的語篇，其中篇章技巧的使用是完形填空解題中至關重要的手段。 

1. 運用詞匯復現技巧： 

　　復現有原詞復現、同義詞復現、反義詞復現、同根詞復現、概括詞復現等。完形填空中，考生可以利用上下文的復現信息，確定正確的表達方式。 

　　1) 原詞復現 

　　為了表達的需求，在具體的上下文中同一概念重復出現。考生可以借助于上下文中這一信息選擇答案。如： 

　　① It can be said that foreign __74__ that makes the faculty member from abroad an asset also (creates) problems of adjustment, both for the university and for the individual.……… Both the visiting professor and his students (lack) background in each others' culture. 
　　74. A. situation B. background C. circumstances D. condition 
　　四個選項都表示"情況"的概念,而一個外籍老師的"情況"又該用什么詞來表達,通過文章后半部的閱讀考生就不難發現background一詞，便可判斷此處答案為B。 
　　② As the plane circled over the airport, everyone sensed that something was wrong. ……… Moving the pilot (aside), the man took his seat and listened carefully to the (urgent) instructions that were being sent by radio from the airport (below). The plane was now dangerously close (to) the ground, but to everyone's (relief), it soon began to climb. The man had to __84___ the airport several times in order to become (familiar) with the controls of the plane. ……… Following __88___, the man guided the plane toward the airfield. 
　　84. A. surround B. circle C. observe D. view 
　　88. A. impressions B. information C. inspections D. instructions 
　　從上文中的circled可以推斷84"在機場上盤旋"應該是B。從上文中listened to the instructions可以判斷88為D。這樣，84為上文中circle的復現；follow instructions 為listen to instructions的復現。 
③ Again, a word from one language may pass into other languages and __74__ a new meaning. ……… So, in Spanish the word "etiquette" today is used to __77_ the small tags which a store (attached ) to a suit, a dress or a bottle. The word "etiquette" in French, (however), gradually developed a different meaning. ……… (Thus) the word "etiquette" began to indicate a system of correct manners for people to follow. 
　　74. A. developed B. pick C. change D. bases 
　　77. A. show B. indicate C. hold D. design 
　　一個單詞出現的新的意思，用來表示什么表達方式可以從下文的復現信息(黑體字)判斷。這樣考生就用不著為各選項之間的辨析而頭痛。 

　　2) 同義詞、近義詞復現 

　　同義詞，近義詞是借助意思相同或相近的表達方式，或解釋性的語言使上下文語意得以連接起來。做完形填空時，考生應注意分析上下文中出現的解釋性語言。如：
 
　　① Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the students.………… It is the __80__responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. 
　　A. student's b. professor's C. assistant's D. librarian's 
　　從前面的responsibilities for learning lie with the students可以判斷查找材料也應該是"學生"的責任，所以答案為A。 
　　② That "something special" was men --- (creative) individuals who could invent machines, ………… The men who __76__ the machines of the Industrial Revolution (came) from many backgrounds and many occupations.………… Most of the people who __87__ the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors, not trained scientists. 
　　76. A. employed B. created C. operated D. controlled 
　　87. A. proposed B. developed C. supplied D. offered 
　　從上下文來看，這一部分所談論的是人發明機器的事情。從復現信息(黑體字)，可以推斷，76、87都應該是與發明有關的詞語。從這一點出發，就不難判斷，76答案為B；87 答案為B。 
　　 ③ An inventor or one interested in applied science is (usually) trying to make something that has a concrete __83__. 
83. A. plan B. use C. idea D. means 
applied science 即"應用科學"，從apply一詞可以看出下文復現的應該是 "用"這一概念，所以83答案為C。

　　3) 反義詞復現 

　　語意的連貫有時通過對比的結構采用反義復現的手段，或者是以反義的方式對前文加以解釋。在考試中，考生應注意分析這類概念復現，從反義的角度判斷正確的選項。 
　　① Forcing yourself to recall (almost) never helps because it doesn't ____ your memory; it only tightens it. 
　　81. A. loosen B. weaken C. decrease D. reduce 
　　前后兩部分互為解釋，一為肯定，一為否定，為反義復現。從下文的tighten可以判斷，上文應該是選loosen。 
　　② There are four types of blood. __67__ types are found in every race, and no type is distinct to any race. 
　　67. A. All B. Most C. No D. Some 
　　并列連詞and說明前后語意一致，那么，前后應該是反義復現，與no 反義的自然是A(all) 。 

　　4) 同源詞復現 

　　對于上下文語意復現的表達，考生還借助復現信息的同源詞。如以下各例： 
　　① Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the students. If a long reading assignment is given, the instructors expect students to be familiar with the (information) in the reading …………When research is __78__, the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with (minimum) guidance. 
　　78. A. collected B. assigned C. distributed D. finished 
　　該部分作者通過兩個例子說明，應該有學生負責自己的學習，都是從"布置作業"方面解釋。說明布置閱讀作業時要求學生如何；布置研究作業時又該要求學生如何。兩個例子概念復現，借助于give reading assignment的表達方式，可以確定78應該是B，構成assign research的結構。 
　　② (Although) these wide modern roads are generally (smooth) and well maintained, with (little) sharp curves and many straight (sections) ………… others are uneven road __85__ through the country. 
　　85. A. driving B. curving C. crossing D. travelling 
　　上文中提高高速公路上的彎道時用的是curve，85復現"彎道"的概念，用的應該是與curve有關的動詞，即curving。 

　　5) 上義詞復現 

　　上義詞具有概括的作用。在寫作中，有時為了表達的需要，作者會先概述，再分述。概述時用的為上義詞，分述則用比較具體的下義詞。在解答完形填空時，考生應注意分析這中分總關系，選擇適當的表達方式。 
　　① Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain a __85__ result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of (man) other objectives. 
　　85. A. single B. sole C. specialized D. specific 
　　冒號后自然是對上文的解釋，從解釋的內容來看，三者統一于一個概念之下：specific為具體，所以答案為D。 
　　② Consider the everyday English __87__ "Goodbye". 
　　87. A. expression B. statement C. proverb D. conversation 
　　Goodbye為所填之詞的同位語，goodbye 為下義詞，其上義詞應該是A，expression。 

2．運用詞匯同現技巧 

　　同現指意義上相互聯系的單詞同時出現在同一語篇當中。一個語篇，一個話題，要求與之相連的詞匯。由于單詞意義的差別、所使用的語域不同，因此所適應的上下文也各有別。為了保證語篇的和諧性，得體性，有必要一話題為中心，了解有相關單詞組成的詞匯鏈。 
　　1)場所同現 
　　① This is thought to be a __89_ where further study is called (for). 
　　89. A. a scope B. field C. range D. district 
　　"研究"就有研究的"領域"、研究的"課題"、從事研究的"人員"。所以" 研究"與"領域"是同現，答案自然就是B。 
　　② Another (way) to divide the study of __80__ is to distinguish between physical geography and cultural geography. The former focuses on the natural world; the _81__ starts with human beings and _82___ how human beings and their environment act (upon) each other. But when geography is considered as a single subject, __84__ branch can neglect the other. 
　　80. A. world     B. earth     C. globe      D. geography 
　　81. A. second    B. next      C. later      D. latter 
　　82. A. learns    B. studies   C. realizes   D. understands 
　　84. A. neither   B. to        C. one        D. by 
　　從文章主題(也就是話題)來看，本短文所談論的是"地理"。地理作為一門"科學"有其"研究"的內容。所以，geography, science, study是同現詞匯, 80答案為D，這從下文分述中的復現也可證明；82答案為B，是同現動詞。 
　　從上文former的使用可以推斷82答案為D，因former與latter為結構同現。 
最后the other的使用說明只有兩個，況且這一段所討論的就是兩種地理觀的區別，那么兩者都不自然就是neither， 也就是說neither與the other本來是同現關系。 

　　2)修飾同現 
　　③ (Although) these wide modern roads are generally __72__ and well maintained, with (little) sharp curves and many straight __74__, a direct route is not always the most (enjoyable one). 
　　72. A. stable 　　B. smooth　　C. splendid 　　D. complicated 
　　74. A. selections 　　B. separations 　　C. series 　　D. sections 
　　本題涉及到名詞同現和形容詞同現。與高速公路同現的形容詞自然應該是"平坦"，有高速公路同現的名詞自然有路段。由此來判斷可知72答案為B，74答案為D。 

　　3)因果同現 
　　④ Furthermore, these highways generally __77__ large urban centers which means that they become crowded with __78_ traffic during rush hours. 
　　77. A. lead 　　 B. connect 　　C. collect 　　D. communicate 
　　78. A. large 　　B. fast 　   　C. light 　  　D. heavy 
　　道路的作用是連接人們有去之處,目的是為了交通,因此,highways, connect, traffic為同現詞匯，而與traffic同現的形容詞有light, heavy。由此可見77答案為B，78答案可為C，也可為D。但與rush hour同現的卻只能是heavy traffic，所以78題答案為D。 

　　4)結構同現 
　　⑤ _84__ of these are good two-lane roads; others are uneven roads (curving) through the country. 
　　84. A. All B. Lots C. Several D. Some 
　　如果考生熟悉some與others結構上的同現關系，就用不著在分析數量上下功夫，答案自然可得。 
　　⑥ Never ask a child __64__ he likes or dislikes a food and never (discuss) likes and dislikes in front of or allow (anyone) else to do so. 
　　64. A. whether B. what C. that D. which 
　　本題考查的乃是結構同現，與or 搭配的只有whether，即A。 

　　5)同義同現 
　　⑦ If a student has problem with classroom work, the student should either __89__ a professor during office hours __90__ make an appointment. 
　　89. A. greet   B. attach    C. approach   D. annoy 
　　90. A. or      B. and       C. to         D. but 
　　90 與either構成結構同現 either … or，89與make an appointment為近義同現。make an appointment就是approach(接近)老師的一種方式，所以89題答案為C.