(三) 邏輯關系
一個完整的語篇應該是符合邏輯的，文章邏輯關系的取得主要靠轉承語的使用。正確使用轉承語，是保證文章連貫和諧，保證文章邏輯的有效手段。作者利用轉承語保證文章的邏輯，同學們在做完形填空時通過自己對上下文的理解，找到適當的邏輯關系，然后選擇正確的轉承語。因此同學們有必要掌握各種轉承語的用法。
完形填空的目的不是閱讀，而是根據閱讀掌握的信息恢復作者寫作的原貌。從轉承語上來說，即要求考生根據文章的語意發展和邏輯關系，確定適當的詞語。
轉承語與連詞不同。連詞一般是句子層面上的東西，要求考生所理解的是一句中主從句之間的語意聯系，而轉承語要求考生掌握的是語篇層面上的東西，考生需根據語篇上下文的邏輯關系才能確定適當的表達方式。因此，在轉承語的選擇上，同學們要仔細閱讀文章的上下文內容，從整體上去把握。試看下列例題：
① The foreign research scholar usually isolates (himself) in the laboratory as a means of protection; __77_, what he needs is to be fitted (with) a highly organized university system quite different from (that) at home.
77. A. otherwise B. moreover C. however D. also
外籍研究學者習慣于將自己關閉在實驗室之內，而他們所需要的卻是溶入與他們原來所處的教育體系不同的體系之內。從上下文來看，兩句的關系為轉折，所以答案為C。
② …………a geographer might be described (as) one who observes, records, and explains the (differences) between places. If all places (were) alike, there would be little need for geographers. We know, however, (that) no two places are exactly the same. Geography, __89_, is a point of view, a special way of (looking) at places.
89. A. still B. then c. nevertheless D. moreover
在討論了對地理學的研究之后，于文章的最后結論道，"地理學也是一種觀點，一種觀察不同地區的特殊方法"。由此可見，89 答案為B。
③ In the United States, professor have many other duties (besides) teaching, such as administrative or research work. __87__ the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is (limited).
87. A. However B. Furthermore C. Therefore D. Nevertheless
因為教授們的工作很多，不只是教學，所以他們能與學生在一起的時間比較有限。從上下文的邏輯關系來看，應該是因果關系，答案為C。
④ The plane was now dangerously close (to) the ground, but to everyone's (relief), it soon began to climb. The man had to (circle) the airport several times in order to become (familiar) with the controls of the plane. __86__ the danger had not yet passed. The terrible (moment) came when he had to land.
86. A. Then B. Therefore C. But D. Moreover
飛機又爬到空中，在機場盤旋了幾次，"駕駛員"也熟悉了飛機的操作，似乎危險已過，但情況遠非如此。從下文中所介紹的飛機降落時的情況可以看出86答案應該是C。
⑤ Students find preparatory method helpful (in) examinations. They read over the questions (before) trying to answer any of them. __84___ they answer first the ones (in) which they are most confident. Meanwhile, deeper mental activities in the subconscious mind are taking (place); work is being done on the (less) difficult question. By the time the easier questions are answered, answers (to) the more difficult ones will begin to come into consciousness.
84. A. Thus B. But C. Therefore D. Then
這里介紹了在解答問題時"準備工作"的重要性。學生在回答問題之前先閱讀所有的問題，然后先回答比較容易的，比較容易的問答完之后，對難的問題的答案也就自然而然地在大腦總出現。這反映出預先閱讀的重要性。考生在把所有這些讀清楚之后，就自然會清楚84處所表示的 時間上的關系，也就可以判斷答案為D。
⑥ A land free from destruction, plus wealth, natural resources, and labor supply - all these were important (factors) in helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution. __72___ they were not enough. Something (else) was needed to start the industrial process. That "something special" was men.
72. A. But B. Besides C. And D. Even
文章首先介紹財富，資源，勞動力在工業革命中的作用，然后筆鋒一轉提出文章的主題，發明機器的人。從這關系上看，72處應是轉折連詞。答案為A。
⑦ The word "etiquette", which is (of) French origin and originally meant a label, (or) a sign, passed into Spanish and kept its original meaning. So in Spanish the word "etiquette" today is used to (indicate) the small tags which a store (attaches) to a suit, a dress or a bottle. The word "etiquette" in French, __79__, gradually developed a different meaning. It __80__ became the custom to write directions on small cards, or "etiquette", as to how visitors should dress themselves and (act) during an important ceremony at the royal court. __82_, the word "etiquette" began to indicate a system of correct manners for people to follow.
79. A. moreover B. however C. therefore D. furthermore
80. A. late B. lately C. latest D. later
82. A. Nevertheless B. Also C. Yet D. Thus
這一部分介紹了語言中單詞意思的變化。列舉了兩種情況，一種是單詞意思沒有變化，另一種是發生了變化，因此兩者之間的關系為對比，從文章敘述的邏輯來看是轉折，79答案為B。在介紹單詞意思變化時介紹了"etiquette"在法語中的變化過程。這個變化過程是一個時間的過程，80答案為D。在介紹"etiquette"的意思變化時通過一種習俗加以說明，上下為因果關系，82答案為D。
(四)根據文章的類型結構解答完形填空
四六級完形填空多以說明文和議論文為主，說明文，議論文一般采用分類、比較對照、因果、例證等方式謀篇。正確把握文章的結構類型有助于文章的理解，也因此有助于完形填空的解答。完形填空的任務是在正確理解短文的基礎上再現作者的語言表達方式。為此，同學們應注意加強文章謀篇布局的分析。
1．四級完形填空的段落類型
1) 比較對照型
比較對照是四六級英語考試完形填空中比較常用的一種段落格式。在解答這類完形填空時考生應注意利用比較對照模式所提供的信息，包括對比項各自的特點，語言表達的方式，由于對比的出現，很容易出現復現現象，考生應注意利用這些信息，幫助解答完形填空。如：
The United States is well known for its network of major highways designed to help a driver get from one place to another in the shortest possible time._71__ these wide modern roads are generally _72__ and well maintained, with __73_ sharp curves and many straight __74__, a direct route is not always the most __75___ one. Large highways often pass __76___ scenic areas and interesting small town. Furthermore, these highways generally __77__ large urban centers which means that they become crowded with ___78__ traffic during rush hours, __79__ the "fast, direct" way becomes a very slow route.
However, there is __80__ always-another route to take __81_ you are not in hurry. Not far from the __82__ new "super highways", there are often older, __83_ heavily traveled roads which go through the countryside . __84__ of these are good two-lane roads; others are uneven roads __85_ through the country. These secondary routes may go up steep slopes, along high __86_, or down frightening hillsides to towns __87_ in deep valleys. Through these less direct routes, longer and slower, they generally go place __88__ the air is clean and the scenery is beautiful, and the driver may have __89___ to get a fresh, clean __90__ of the world.
71. A. Although B. Because C. Since D. Therefore
72. A. stable B. splendid C. smooth D. complicated
73. A. little B. few C. much D. many
74. A. selections B. separations C. series D. sections
75. A. terrible B. enjoyable C. possible D. profitable
76. A. to B. into C. over D. by
77. A. lead B. connect C. collect D. communicate
78. A. large B. light C. fast D. heavy
79. A. when B. for C. but D. that
80. A. yet B. still C. almost D. quite
81. A. unless B. as C. if D. since
82. A. relatively B. regularly C. respectively D. reasonably
83. A. and B. less C. more D. or
84. A. All B. Several C. Lots D. Some
85. A. driving B. crossing C. curving D. traveling
86. A. rocks B. cliffs C. roads D. paths
87. A. lying B. laying C. laid D. lied
88. A. there B. which C. when D. where
89. A. space B. chance C. period D. spot
90. A. view B. variety C. visit D. virtue
參考答案為：71. A 72. C 73. B 74. D 75. C
76. D 77. B 78. D 79. A 80. C
81. B 82. A 83. B 84. D 85. C
86. B 87. A 88. D 89. C 90. A
再如95年6月四級完形填空中的兩段。從Many of them were (more) inventors than scientists.可以看出，下文將要比較發明家與科學家的不同。帶著這個問題閱讀，就很容易掌握文章的信息，就不難讀懂純理論科學家注重的是研究的準確性，而發明家注重的是實用。根據上下文的對照關系可以很輕松地確定答案。
The men who __76__ the machines of the Industrial Revolution __77__ from many backgrounds and many occupations. Many of them were __78__ inventors than scientists. A man who is a __79_ scientist is primarily interested in doing his research ___80__. He is not necessarily working __81___ that his findings can be used.
An inventor or one interested in applied science is __82___ trying to make something that has a concrete __83__. He may try to solve a problem by using the theories __84__ science or by experimenting through trial and error. Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain __85__ result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of __86__ other objectives.
76. A. employed B. created C. operated D. controlled
77. A. came B. arrived C. stemmed D. appeared
78. A. less B. better C. more D. worse
79. A. genuine B. practical C. pure D. clever
80. A. happily B. occasionally C. reluctantly D. accurately
81. A. now B. and C. all D. so
82. A. seldom B. sometimes C. usually D. never
83. A. plan B. use C. idea D. means
84. A. of B. with C. to D. as
85. A. single B. sole C. specialized D. specific
86. A. few B. those C. many D. all
參考答案 ：
76．B 77. A 78. C 79. C 80. D 81. D
82. C 83. B 84. A 85. D 86. C
下面一段完形填空選自98年1月份的四級英語考題。在說明腦子的大小與智力無關時采用的對比的方式，這種結構本身就說明的73題的答案。由于例證是用來說明智力與大腦的關系，就使的72成分復現現象。可見掌握語篇的結構模式對理解和語言再現的作用。
There are four types of blood. _67__ types are found in every race, and no type is distinct to any race. Human brains are the __68__. No scientists could examine a brain and tell you the race to which the individual belonged. Brains will __69__ in size, but this occurs within every race. __70__ does size have anything to do with intelligence. The largest brain __71__ examined belonged to a person of weak __72__. On the other hand, some of our most distinguished people have __73__ brains. Mental tests which are reasonably __74__ show no differences intelligence between races.
67. A. All B. Most C. No D. Some
68. A. same B. identical C. similar D. alike
69. A. remain B. increase C. decrease D. vary
70. A. Only B. Or C. Nor D. So
71. A. ever B. then C. never D. once
72. A. health B. body C. mind D. thought
73. A. big B. small C. minor D. major
74. A. true B. exact C. certain D. accurate
2) 程序型段落
程序型段落指按照操作程序的順序寫就的段落，如實驗過程的介紹等。98.6四級的完形填空介紹的就是高中學生從中學備考到大學錄取到高校報到注冊的一個過程。學生在閱讀時只要能抓住這個程序，文章就不難理解，完形填空答案的確定也就有了可靠的依據。
The task of being accepted and enrolled in a university begins early for some students, long __71__ they graduate from high school. These students take special __72__ to prepare for advanced study. They may also take one of more examinations that test how __73__ prepared they are for the university.
In the final year of high school, they ___74__ applications and send them, with their student records, to the universities which they hope to __75__.
Some high school students may be __76__ to have an interview with representatives of the university. Neatly __77__, and usually very frightened, they are __78___ to show that they have a good attitude and the __79__ to succeed.
When the new students are finally __80__, there may be one more step they have to __81__ before registering for classes and __82__ to work. Many colleges and universities __83__ an orientation program for new students. __84__ these programs, the young people get to know the __85__ for registration and student advising, university rules, the __86__ of the library and all the other __87__services of the college or university.
Beginning a new life in a new place can be very __88__. The more knowledge students have __89__ the school, the easier it will be for them to __90__ to the new environment. However, it takes time to get used to college life.
71. A. as B. after C. since D. before
72. A. course B. disciplines C. majors D. subjects
73. A. deeply B. widely C. well D. much
74. A. fulfil B. finish C. complete D. accomplish
75. A. attend B. participate C. study D. belong
76. A. acquired B. considered C. ordered D. required
77. A. decorated B. dressed C. coated D. worn
78. A. decided B. intended C. settled D. determined
79. A. power B. ability C. possibility D. quality
80. A. adopted B. accepted C. received D. permitted
81. A. make B. undergo C. take D. pass
82. A. getting B. putting C. falling D. sitting
83. A. offer B. afford C. grant D. supply
84. A. For B. Among C. In D. On
85. A. processes B. procedures C. projects D. provisions
86. A. application B. usage C. use D. utility
87. A. major B. prominent C. key D. great
88. A. amusing B. misleading C. alarming D. confusing
89. A. before B. about C. on D. at
90. A. fit B. suit C. yield D. adapt
3) 時間型段落
時間型的段落屬記敘性文體，文章以時間為順序介紹事情的發展過程。在做這類完形填空時，考生應注意抓住時間這個線索，把握整個事情的發展過程，弄清各種事情的前因后果。94年1 月份的四級考題中完形填空所采用的就是時間型段落。
As the plane circled over the airport, everyone sensed that something was wrong. The plane was moving unsteadily through the air, and __71__ the passengers had fastened their seat belts, they were suddenly __72___ forward. At the moment, the air-hostess ___73___. She looked very pale, but was quite __74___. Speaking quickly but almost in a whisper, she __75__ everyone that the pilot had ___76__ and asked if any of the passengers knew anything about machines --- or at __77___ how to drive a car. After a moment's __78__, a man got up and followed the hostess into the pilot's cabin.
Moving the pilot __79___, the man took his seat and listened carefully to the ___80__ instructions that were being sent by radio from the airport __81___. The plane was now dangerously close __82__ the ground, but to everyone's __83___, it soon began to climb. The man had to __84___ the airport several times in order to become __85___ with the controls of the plane. __86___ the danger had not yet passed. The terrible __87__ came when he had to land. Following __88__, the man guided the plane to ward the airfield. It shook violently __89__ it touched the ground and then moved rapidly __90___ the runway and after a long run it stopped safely.
71. A. although B. while C. therefore D. then
72. A. shifted B. thrown C. put D. moved
73. A. showed B. presented C. exposed D. appeared
74. A. well B. still C. calm D. quiet
75. A. inquired B. insured C. informed D. instructed
76. A. fallen B. failed C. faded D. fainted
77. A. best B. least C. length D. first
78. A. hesitation B. surprise C. doubt D. delay
79. A. back B. aside C. about D. off
80. A. patient B. anxious C. urgent D. nervous
81. A. beneath B. under C. down D. below
82. A. to B. by C. near D. on
83. A. horror B. trust C. pleasure D. relief
84. A. surround B. circle C. observe D. view
85. A. intimate B. familiar C. understood D. close
86. A. Then B. Therefore C. But D. Moreover
87. A. moment B. movement C. idea D. affair
88. A.impression B.information C.inspections D.instructions
89. A. as B. unless C. while D. so
90. A. around B. over C. along D. above
2． 段落類型在完形填空中的運用
段落類型的知識不僅有利于短文的理解，幫助學生掌握文章的語意發展邏輯，掌握文章的細節內容，學生也可根據段落類型所提供的信息確定完形填空的選項。
1) 根據段落類型確定適當的轉承語
不同的段落類型有不同的敘述邏輯，也因此有各自的轉承語。正確分辨段落的類型有助于轉承語的選擇。比如下面一篇介紹在家辦公的文章，文章介紹的在家辦公的好處和出現的問題。在介紹利和弊的時候采用的對比的方式，先介紹在家工作給人們帶來的好處，接著另起一段介紹在家工作所面臨的問題。在說明在家工作的益處時采用了例證的方式，采取漸升的敘述邏輯。從轉承語的一致性上來看，敘述在家工作的益處時所采用的轉承語為：For one thing --- For another ----Most agreeable of all，當敘述在家工作所帶來的問題時采用的是舉例方式，列舉了四個不利之處，從問題的情況和敘述的邏輯來看，同樣是漸升的順序，其轉承語為For example --- Besides ---- Then again---- the main problem。
The revolution in computer and telephone technology has made it a ___1__ for business people to work at home, and this has brought about much ___2___ and pleasure to the people.Generally, people enjoy working at home for the following ___3__. For one thing, they not only __4__ time by not having to travel long distance to work every day but save money on __5___ and business clothes. ___6__, suffering less stress from their employers, they think __7__ clearly and can be more creative in the quiet peaceful atmosphere of their home. __8__ agreeable of all, they have the ___9__ to decide for themselves how and when to do their job, __10__ permits them to spend more time with their family.___11__ as is often the case, working at home allows of much more freedom than working at office, some people who work at home admit there are ___12__. ___13__, they, more often, can not separate their personal life and their _14___ life. __15__, the loneliness from the lack of person-to-person ___16__ and new ideas is more likely to __17__ some mental illness. Then again, there is a problem of holidays. Perhaps, the __18__ problem with working at home is that some people __19__ get a day off. To solve the above mentioned __20__, people who work at home may well organize their work schedule, leaving adequate time for making human communication. In fact, working at home has provided them with much more freedom to participate in social activities.
1. A. reality B. dream C. problem D. convenience
2. A. problem B. trouble C. convenience D. worry
3. A. reasons B. benefits C. convenience D. profits
4. A. cost B. consume C. waste D. save
5. A. transportation B. travel C. appointments D. calls
6. A. Secondly B. What's more C. For another D. However
7. A. more B. less C. no more D. no less
8. A. Least B. Most C. Not D. Really
9. A. time B. chance C. freedom D. right
10. A. it B. which C. this D. that
11. A. However B. In contrast C. While D. Then
12. A. advantages B. problems C. troubles D. benefits
13. A. First B. For example C. For one thing D. Because
14. A. private B. office C. family D. working
15. A. Besides B. Instead C. However D. Therefore
16. A. talk B. communication C. contact D. chat
17. A. produce B. cause C. make D. create
18. A. most B. last C. main D. major
19. A. always B. sometimes C. never D. frequently
20. A. problems B. situations C. circumstances D. questions
2) 根據段落類型尋找復現、同現信息
以上面的完形填空為例，從整體上說，文章采用了對比的方式敘述了在家工作的利弊，似乎第一段的最后應該是對此的概括，但從同現的關系來看，兩個相反的概念一般是不能有并列連詞and連接的，第二題答案應該是C。
文章在提到在家工作的利弊時以人們的親身感受的方式提出，說明1題答案為A。從第二段的四個列舉的情況來看，所介紹的都是在家工作的好處，所以3是上義詞同現，答案為B。
根據單詞的復現現象，可以確定9答案為C(allows of much more freedom than 中freedom為復現)， 16答案為B(leaving adequate time for making human communication.中communication為復現)，20答案為A(the __18__ problem with working at home 中freedom為前復現)
文中并列成分之間的比較也給答案的選擇提供的應有的復現信息，如根據they not only ___4__ time by not having to travel long distance to work every day but save money on __5___ and business clothes中可以推斷4答案為D(save)，5 答案為A (transportation)。
10題為語法題，所選應是非限制性定語從句的引導詞，答案為B，17題為動賓搭配題，答案為B。從第二段敘述的主題來看，19應是在家工作的不利之處，答案為C，既然談論的話題是在家工作，那么14應該是working life即 D。
本完形填空，上下兩段分別敘述在家工作的利弊，前后對比，從這一點上講考生很容易在11處填However, In contrast之類，答案如考慮一下該句自身的結構，就不難發現，這是一個主從復合句，所選的為從句連詞，而非篇章轉承語，答案為C。
再如90年1月的四級考試完形填空。短文中，作者將美國的高速公路與老式的普通公路進行比較。兩段之間However的使用將上下兩段銜接起來，也提示出敘述的重點。如果考生在閱讀過程中能注意兩種公路的情況對比，就不難發現以下對比的信息，相當一部分題的答案也自明，如72，78，85。兩種道路的比較也說明了其中比較級的使用，根據這一點，考生就可以確定83提的答案。
高速公路(modern highways) 普通公路 (old two-lane roads)
平坦 (smooth) 高低不平 (uneven)
路段筆直(straight sections, with few sharp curves) 彎彎曲曲 (curving through the country)
路經風景區，連接繁華的城市(go by scenic areas, connecting large urban centers)
穿行于鄉村，怕山坡，下陡坡 (curving through the country, up steep slopes and down frightening hillsides)
交通擁擠，尤其是在高峰期(crowded with heavy traffic, especially during rush hours)
車輛不多,可以悠閑地呼吸新鮮空氣,欣賞優美的景色(light traffic,chance to get a fresh, clean view of the world)
3) 從段落類型入手把握文章內容
完形填空首先是閱讀理解。如果考生能了解段落的結構模式，對掌握文章的具體內容是十分有幫助的。如，時間型段落段落以記敘為主。對于這類段落，考生要象看電影似地閱讀。閱讀時似乎看到故事中發生的一幕一幕。比如，上面所示94年1月四級考題。抓住時間這個脈絡，將前后發生的事情聯系起來，考生就不難對事件獲得一個完整的印象：駕駛員突然暈倒，無法駕駛飛機，飛機突然顛簸起來，乘客被顛地前仰后合，于是空姐走進機艙，問是否有人懂的駕駛。一位男子主動出來幫忙，他隨著空姐走進駕駛艙，將駕駛員移到一邊，邊聽著機場發來的指示開始操縱飛機，飛機在機場上空爬上爬下，還幾乎著地，在機場上空盤旋幾次以后，該男子逐漸熟悉了飛機的駕駛，最后終于安全降落。如果考生在閱讀過程中能想象出當時的情景，理解就不會出現誤差，很多答案便自然輕松可得。該完形填空答案如下：
71. A 72. B 73. D 74. C 75. C 76. D 77. B 78. A 79. B 80. C
81. D 82. A 83. D 84. B 85. B 86. C 87. A 88. D 89. A 90. C
同學們，完形填空能力的提高以語言知識、詞匯知識、句法知識、語法知識、篇章結構知識為基礎。在平時的詞匯學習中應注意以話題為中心，培養詞匯的同現意識。另外，在進行閱讀時注意分析各類文章的敘事邏輯，同時加強寫作訓練。語言能力的發展是一個綜合能力發展的過程，聽說讀寫一項不可偏廢，希望同學們能全面發展.
