1．改變詞類(Conversion)。英語一個詞能充當的句子成分較少，充當不同成分時常常要改變詞類。
Insulin is used in the treatment of diabetes.
This issue is of paramount importance.
Rationing by points is over and rationing by the purse is in.
Oceanography has been defined as “The application of all sciences to the study of the sea”. (1990. 1)

2. 選詞用字(Diction)。
     Before Hugo could protest, he and the others were led away. （抗議—分辯）
Put a teaspoonful of tea in the pot and then you just add the boiling water to it and let it stand. （稍等片刻再喝）
     It’s a crime you didn’t finish school. （憾事）
3．詞序調整(Inversion)。一個句子中詞和分句的順序，英漢兩種語言往往不同。如表示時間和地點，英語常常是先小后大，而漢語是先大后小。
   His address is 3612 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19001, USA.
   Don’t hesitate to come when you need help.
   black and white TV, iron and steel company
4．省略(Omission)。
   You cannot build a ship, a bridge or a house if you don’t know how to make a design or how to read it.
It took him a long time to reach the bottom and to couch behind a little dwarf palm.
5．增詞(Amplification)。英語中沒有量詞，助詞，翻譯時應根據上下文的需要予以增加。有些英語的不及物動詞必須增加賓語意思才完整。
I could knit when I was seven.
In general, the “higher up” the consumer takes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect it to be settled. (1993. 6)
   --Walking past the Garden of Eden, Adam’s son asked his father, “Who owns that large estate?”
      --“That’s where your mother and I used to live,” replied Adam, “before she ate us out of house and home.”
6．重復(Repetition)。
Practically every river has an upper, a middle and a lower part. 上游，中游，下游
If an atom contains three protons, it must have three electrons to be electrically neutral.
 7．譯反譯法(Negation)
The Organization has not, so far, justified the hopes which the people set on it. （辜負）
Suddenly he heard a sound behind him, and realized he was not alone in the garage. （還有別人）
If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to treatment, it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor. (1993. 1)
8. 譯法(Division)。英語長句多，為了符合漢語表達習慣，可將英語長句拆成短句。
     It was a real challenge that those who had learned from us now excelled us.
It has been rightly stated that this situation is a threat to international security.
Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. (1993. 6)
Any student who is thought to have broken the rules, for example by cheating, has to appear before a student court. (1990. 1)