議論文是作者對(duì)某個(gè)問(wèn)題或某件事進(jìn)行分析、評(píng)論，表明自己的觀點(diǎn)、立場(chǎng)、態(tài)度、看法、主張的一種文體。寫議論文要把握三性和三要素。三性指準(zhǔn)確性、鮮明性和生動(dòng)性。三要素指論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證。

　　論點(diǎn)的基本要求：觀點(diǎn)正確，概括全面，見解新穎，有實(shí)際意義，要恰當(dāng)?shù)鼐C合運(yùn)用各種表達(dá)方式。

　　論據(jù)的基本要求，真實(shí)可靠、充分典型。

　　論證的基本要求：推理必須合乎邏輯，論證要講究順序，論證要符合正確的推理形式。

　　簡(jiǎn)而言之，英語(yǔ)議論文共有三大特點(diǎn)：

　　1、 觀點(diǎn)鮮明的開頭;

　　2、 緊扣主題的結(jié)尾;

　　3、 有主題句并且銜接自然的中間段落。

　　這三點(diǎn)當(dāng)中，第1、2點(diǎn)早已為絕大多數(shù)中國(guó)學(xué)生所熟知，因?yàn)殚_頭點(diǎn)題和結(jié)尾扣題同樣也是漢語(yǔ)文章的要求。但在長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中，這樣的要求被很多學(xué)生以為是“老土”而得不到足夠的重視。如果將這種思想帶到英語(yǔ)議論文寫作當(dāng)中，直接的后果就是中心分散、觀點(diǎn)不明確，加上中國(guó)學(xué)生普遍英文表達(dá)能力不強(qiáng)，這些因素就為整篇文章的失敗埋下了隱患。

　　另外，英語(yǔ)文章和漢語(yǔ)不同的是段落的主題句一定要放在段首，而不能按照中文的寫作習(xí)慣放在段落的中間或者最后，在英文應(yīng)試寫作中更加如此。正因?yàn)闆]有“主題句”的思想，所以中國(guó)學(xué)生在寫英語(yǔ)文章時(shí)經(jīng)�！跋氲绞裁矗�就寫什么”，這在英語(yǔ)議論文中是不能接受的。

　　(二) 中心統(tǒng)一

　　在中心統(tǒng)一這個(gè)問(wèn)題上，英語(yǔ)議論文和漢語(yǔ)議論文的概念也有所不同。中國(guó)人在寫議論文時(shí)常常遵循“中庸”的原則，其具體的表現(xiàn)就是認(rèn)為世界上沒有任何事情是絕對(duì)的。當(dāng)他們?cè)谖恼轮斜頁(yè)P(yáng)一件事物或一種現(xiàn)象的時(shí)候，總要指出其不足;同樣，在批評(píng)一件事物或一種現(xiàn)象的同時(shí)，也總不忘記指出其也有合理之處。這種做法從道理上來(lái)講并沒有什么不妥，但卻不符合英語(yǔ)議論文的寫作習(xí)慣，因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)作家在寫議論文時(shí)關(guān)注的是自己的辯論技巧和其結(jié)果對(duì)公眾的影響力。換句話說(shuō)，如果作者告訴大家兩面都有道理也就等于說(shuō)兩面都沒有道理，因?yàn)樽x者在讀了文章之后仍舊不知道作者的看法是什么，以及自己在這種情況下到底該怎么做。

　　所以，既然四級(jí)考試考的是英語(yǔ)文章，大家就應(yīng)該遵循英文議論文的寫作思路和習(xí)慣：表示支持則旗幟鮮明地支持;表示反對(duì)就徹徹底底地反對(duì)，而不能采取“墻頭草兩邊倒”的做法。

　　(三) 段落的連貫性文章引用自：

　　在確定好一條條的擴(kuò)展句后，怎樣把這些句子流暢而連貫地組合在一起呢?

　　這便是關(guān)聯(lián)詞發(fā)揮作用的時(shí)候了。在英語(yǔ)中，句與句之間、段與段之間一般都有連詞或關(guān)聯(lián)詞連接，通過(guò)這些詞讀者能夠很清楚地明白文章前后的邏輯聯(lián)系。

　　適當(dāng)使用關(guān)聯(lián)詞是四級(jí)寫作必備的技能，大家應(yīng)該要引起特別重視。

　　常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞分為四類：

　　1、列舉類

　　列舉法常用在議論文中，當(dāng)作者提出一個(gè)論點(diǎn)后，可通過(guò)列舉出一系列事實(shí)對(duì)其進(jìn)行說(shuō)明或論證。

　　列舉類關(guān)聯(lián)詞有：

　　first(ly), second(ly),... finally; for one thing, for another; on the one hand, on the other hand; moreover; furthermore; what's more; in addition; besides; first of all; in the first place, in the second place; (at)last; then; next; the last but not the least

　　2、舉例類

　　舉例法是用事例或數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)中心觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行說(shuō)明論證的方法，舉例類關(guān)聯(lián)詞有：

　　for example; for instance; such as; like; take...for example; a case in point; namely; in other words; that is; especially; in particular

　　3、比較和對(duì)比

　　比較是把兩種或兩種以上的事物進(jìn)行比較，以辨別出它們的相似之處;對(duì)比是將這些事物進(jìn)行對(duì)照，辨別其差異而指出各自的特征和本質(zhì)。這類關(guān)聯(lián)詞有：

　　but; however; yet; otherwise; while; in contrast; by contrast; on the contrary; similarly; likewise; like; conversely; rather than; instead; on the other hand; equally; nevertheless; nonetheless; unlike; still; in the same way; compared with...

　　4、因果類

　　as a result; since; because(of); thanks to; due to; owing to; for this reason; hence; thus; therefore; on this/that account; on account of; consequently

　　5、總結(jié)類

　　總結(jié)法是指在表達(dá)了一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)或舉了一個(gè)例子后，進(jìn)行總結(jié)、給出概括，這類關(guān)聯(lián)詞有：

　　in this case; according to; in a word; in brief; in short; to sum up.

　　范文1：

　　“Do’ Lucky Numbers’ Really Bring Good Luck?”

　　Some people think that certain numbers will bring good luck to them. Numbers such as six, eight, sixteen and eighteen are regarded as lucky numbers. There are also people who think that their success is related to certain numbers.

　　However, some other people think numbers have nothing to do with their luck. They believe in their own rather than” lucky numbers”. They don't do things according to certain numbers.

　　As far as I am concerned, I think it is a person's own business whether he believes in a certain number or not. The most important thing is that he has done the work by himself and has done it quite well. As to the belief in numbers, it is his personal choice.

　　范文2：

　　Career or Family: which is more important?

　　When asked about their opinion of career and family, people always respond differently. Some people deem it more important to pursue their career, while there are always other people who argue that family should be the number one in one’s life.

　　It goes without any question that career plays a key role in our life. In the very first place, career can give us an aim to live on. Without career, much of our living time will be certainly wasted. What’s more, career can provide us with a means to live on. Most of the people earn their income from a job. On the other hand, family is also an indispensable part of life, as many people will admit. Family is always regarded as a place where we can escape from troubles in life. In addition, we can obtain a sense of belonging to from family. Without it, anyone will feel lonely and desperate.

　　In my opinion, career and family are not in opposition to each other. Rather, they can enhance each other so that one’s life can become better and better. Therefore, it’s not a choice between right and wrong, but one between ideal and practical.

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