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　　Sporting activities are essentially forms of hunting behavior. Viewed biologically, the modern foot-baller is in reality a member of a hunting group. His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football and his prey into a goal-mouth. If his aim is accurate and he scores a goal, he enjoys the hunter's triumph of killing his prey.

　　To understand how this transformation has taken place we must briefly look back at our forefathers. They spent over a million years evolving as cooperative hunters. Their very survival depended on success in the hunting-field. Under this pressure their whole way of life, even their bodies, became greatly changed.

　　They became chasers, runners, jumpers, aimers, throwers and prey-killers. They cooperated as skillful male-group attackers.

　　Then about ten thousand years ago, after this immensely long period of hunting their food, they became farmers. Their improved intelligence, so vital to their old hunting life, was put to a new use - that of controlling and domesticating their prey. The hunt became suddenly out of date. The food was there on the farms, awaiting their needs. The risks and uncertainties of the hunt were no longer essential for survival.

　　The skills and thirst for hunting remained, however, and demanded new outlets. Hunting for sport replaced hunting for necessity. This new activity involved all the original hunting sequences but the aim of the operation was no longer to avoid starvation. Instead the sportsmen set off to test their skill against preys that were no longer essential to they survival. To be sure, the kill may have been eaten but there were other simpler ways of obtaining a meaty meal.

　　1. The author uses the example of the football game to tell us ____.

　　A) sporting activities are forms of biological developments

　　B) the difference between sports and hunting

　　C) the reason why man used to go in for hunting

　　D) sporting activities have actually evolved from hunting

　　2. In hunting what is equivalent to a goal-mouth in football match is ____.

　　A) a killing weapon

　　B) a hunting field

　　C) a prey

　　D) a member of a hunting group

　　3. According to the author, our ancestors survived as hunters for over a million years basically through their ____.

　　A) common sense

　　B) cooperation

　　C) farming knowledge

　　D) adventures