Passage Nine (The Program-Federal Government Helps Minority Business)

　　Federal efforts to aid minority businesses began in the 1960’s when the Small Business Administration (SBA) began making federally guaranteed loans and government-sponsored management and technical assistance available to minority business enterprises. While this program enabled many minority entrepreneurs to form new businesses, the results were disappointing, since managerial inexperience, unfavorable locations, and capital shortages led to high failure rates. Even 15 years after the program was implemented, minority business receipts were not quite two percent of the national economy’s total receipts.

　　Recently federal policymakers have adopted an approach intended to accelerate development of the minority business sector by moving away from directly aiding small minority enterprises and toward supporting large, growth-oriented minority firms through intermediary companies. In this approach, large corporations participate in the development of successful and stable minority businesses by making use of government-sponsored venture capital. The capital is used by a participating company to establish a Minority Enterprise Small Businesses that have potential to become future suppliers of customers of the sponsoring company.

　　MESBIC’s are the result of the belief that providing established firms with easier access to relevant management techniques and more job-specific experience, as well as substantial amounts of capital, gives those firms a greater opportunity to develop sound business foundations than does simply making general management experience and small amounts of capital available. Further, since potential markets for the minority businesses already exist through the sponsoring companies, the minority businesses face considerably less risk in terms of location and market fluctuation. Following early financial and operating problems, sponsoring corporations began to capitalize MESBIC’s far above the legal minimum of $500,000 in order to generate sufficient income and to sustain the quality of management needed. MESBIC’s are now emerging as increasingly important financing sources for minority enterprises.

　　Ironically, MESBIC staffs, which usually consist of Hispanic and Black professionals, tend to approach investments in minority firms more pragmatically than do many MESBIC directors, who are usually senior managers from sponsoring corporations. The latter often still think mainly in terms of the ‘social responsibility approach’ and thus seem to prefer deals that are riskier and less attractive than normal investment criteria would warrant. Such differences in viewpoint have produced uneasiness among many minority staff members, who feel that minority entrepreneurs and businesses should be judged by established business considerations. These staff members believe their point of view is closer to the original philosophy of MESBIC’s and they are concerned that, unless a more prudent course if followed, MESBIC directors may revert to policies likely to re-create the disappointing results of the original SBA approach.

　　1. Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?

　　[A] The use of MESBIC’s for aiding minority entrepreneurs seems to have greater potential for success than does the original SBA approach.

　　[B] There is a crucial difference in point of view between the staff and directors of some MESBIC’s.

　　[C] After initial problems with management and marketing, minority businesses have begun to expand at a steady rate.

　　[D] Minority entrepreneurs wishing to form new businesses now have several equally successful federal programs on which to rely.

　　2. According to the passage, the MESBIC approach differ s from the SBA approach in that MESBIC’s

　　[A] seek federal contracts to provide market for minority businesses.

　　[B] Encourage minority businesses to provide markets for other minority businesses.

　　[C] Attempt to maintain a specified rate of growth in the minority business sector.

　　[D] Rely on the participation of large corporations to finance minority businesses.

　　3. Which of the following statements about the SBA program can be inferred from the passage?

　　[A] The maximum term for loans made to recipient businesses was 15 years.

　　[B] Business loans were considered to be more useful to recipient businesses than was management and technical assistance.

　　[C] The anticipated failure rate for recipient businesses was significantly lower than the rate that actually resulted.

　　[D] Recipient businesses were encouraged to relocate to areas more favorable for business development.

　　4. The author refers to the ‘financial and operating problems’ encountered by MESBIC’s primarily in order to

　　[A] broaden the scope of the discussion to include the legal considerations of funding MESBIC’s through sponsoring companies.

　　[B] call attention to the fact that MESBIC’s must receive adequate funding in order to function effectively.

　　[C] show that sponsoring companies were willing to invest only $500,000 of government-sponsored venture capital in the original MESBIC’s.

　　[D] Compare SBA and MESBIC limits on minimum funding.

　　5. It can be inferred from the passage that the attitude of some MESBIC staff member toward the investments preferred by some MESBIC directors can be best described as

　　[A] disappointing.

　　[B] Indifferent.

　　[C] Shocked.

　　[D] Defensive.