The Louisiana Purchase

　　On April 30, 1803, the area of the United States approximately doubled. Until that time, United States territory had extended from the Atlantic Ocean to the banks of the Mississippi and from the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River to the thirty-first parallel. The national land now was expanded westward to include practically all of the area between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains and between the Gulf of Mexico and the Canadian border. On that day, for fifteen million dollars, the United States purchased from France 875,000 square miles of territory. After Robert R. Livingston, an American who represented President Jefferson in France, signed his name to the treaty, he rose, shook hands with James Monroe and Marbois, the Frenchman representing Napoleon and remarked, "We have lived long, but this is the noblest work of our lives. " As we glance backward upon this important event in history, we must agree that the signing of the treaty for the purchase of Louisiana was probably the most important event in Thomas Jefferson's administration. Without the acquisition of this territory, the United States would most probably have not developed into the powerful nation which it is today.

　　What Causes Led to Purchase of the Louisiana Territory

　　Until 1763, Louisiana had been a possession of France, but in that year it was given to Spain to repay an old debt. Twenty years later in Paris, the treaty ending the American Revolution was signed between the United States and Great Britain. One of the terms of this treaty was that the western border of the United States was to stretch to the Mississippi River. Immediately settlers and pioneers crossed westward over the Allegheny Mountains to clear the territory and establish farms. Since roads were scarce and difficult to travel, the products of these farmers had to be shipped on the waterways leading to the Mississippi River and then down this great stream to New Orleans. At this port city, the produce was transferred to larger ocean-going vessels and transported to markets on the Eastern Seaboard or to Europe. However, Spain's ownership of both shores of the river for at least two hundred miles north of New Orleans permitted this foreign nation to control the trade moving on the Mississippi. As a monarchy (君主政體) ，the Spanish government distrusted the rising spirit of democracy in the United States, especially the much freer expression of democracy that existed among the western farmers. This distrust of democracy resulted in the desire of the Spanish to deny the use of the great river to any Americans. The reaction was instantaneous (瞬間的 ) and furious, western farmers raised their voices to protest and the United states sent John Jay to Madrid to discuss this matter. In 1795 this conflict was settled. Spain consented to allow citizens of the United States the right to use the lower Mississippi River and also the "right of deposit" at New Orleans, the right of deposit permitted American farmers, without a duty charge, to remove their products from smaller boats at New Orleans after having navigated down the Mississippi, and then to transfer the agricultural commodities to larger ocean-going vessels.

　　For the succeeding five years this agreement was observed and little conflict existed. On October 1, 1800, however, Spain signed a treaty giving the ownership of the Louisiana territory back to France. The news of this treaty did not reach Jefferson until May of the following year. As soon as he became aware of the change in ownership of the territory, Jefferson realized that this was part of a plan by which Napoleon hoped to establish France as a great power in the New World. Although Napoleon still permitted Spain to remain in control of the port of New Orleans, the future threat to the navigation rights of the western farmers still remained. At any moment, Napoleon might send troops to the "Gateway" and forbid Americans to use it for navigation. This would affect almost forty per cent of the total export trade of the United States. By April 1802 Jefferson's concerns in this matter became even more intense. Napoleon had shipped armed forces to Santo Domingo to suppress the uprising. Once this had been accomplished, the troops were under orders to take possession of Louisiana with its key port city of New Orleans. On the eighteenth of that month the President wrote his now-famous letter to the American Minister to France, Robert R. Livingston.

　　There is one place on the globe, one single spot, the possessor of which is our natural and habitual enemy. It is New Orleans through which the produce of three eighths of our territory must pass to market. . . it seals the union of two nations who in conjunction can maintain exclusive possession of the ocean. From that moment we must marry ourselves to the British fleet and nation.

　　Seven months later Jefferson learned that the Spanish officials at New Orleans had suspended(暫不實行) the right of deposit. Immediately western

　　farmers protested. Many demanded immediate action. Others pressed for a declaration of war. The Federalists in the East who opposed Jefferson sided with those who wished to declare war, in order to split the ranks of his followers. In January 1803, Congress appropriated two million dollars "to defray (支付) expenses to help improve relations between the United States and foreign nations. " Jefferson asked James Monroe to sail for France to resolve the difficulty. Monroe was instructed to negotiate for the purchase of New Orleans and Florida. He was permitted to offer 50,000,000 francs for this concession of territory. If this offer were refused, then an alternative offer of 37,500,000 francs was to be made for New Orleans alone. A third alternative to be used in the negotiation was to insist upon the permanent right of deposit at New Orleans and navigation along the lower Mississippi. If all three offers were rejected by Napoleon, Monroe and Livingston were instructed to negotiate an alliance with the British Government "not to make any peace with France. "

　　Why Napoleon Sold Louisiana

　　Events favored the United States. Napoleon had transported 35,000 troops to wipe out the rebellion in Santo Domingo, but yellow fever and the rebels did away with most of the French troops. With this disaster Napoleon's visions of expanding in the mainland at New Orleans vanished. He also recognized he inevitability of a conflict with Great Britain. How could he hope to keep Louisiana, thousands of miles away across the Atlantic, as long as Britain was "Empress of the Seas"? The revenue that the sale of Louisiana would bring to

　　France was a temptation to Napoleon, whose treasury was almost depleted (消耗). Confronted with so many problems Napoleon quickly arrived at a decision.On April 11, 1803, even before the arrival of Monroe in Paris, Talleyrand proposed that the United States purchase all of the Louisiana territory.Livingston's first offer for this "bargain" was 20, 000, 000 francs, but Talleyrand countered with a demand for 125,000,000. In a brief negotiation both finally compromised on 80,000,000 francs, equivalent to $ 15,000,000 in

　　American money. On April 30, 1803, Louisiana became the possession of the United States. Three-fourths of the sum went to France, the balance was reserved to pay the claims of American citizens against France.

　　1. The passage gives a general description of the reasons for and the effect of the Louisiana purchase.

　　2. The purchase of Louisiana helped the U. S. to grow into the powerful nation which it is today.

　　3. The Louisiana purchase only expanded the territory of the U. S. .

　　4. The rising spirit of democracy in the U. S. was introduced to Spain and France instantaneously.

　　5. The purchase of Louisiana was accomplished at a much lower price than originally intended.

　　6. Spain was the original possessor of the Louisiana territory.

　　7. Livingston's eloquence persuaded Marbois to accept an unreasonably low price for the Louisiana territory.

　　8. Louisiana was sold to the U. S, for______francs.

　　9. The Federalists in the East of U. S. were in favor of declaring war on Spain because they wished to______of President Jefferson's followers.

　　10. When Louisiana was purchased, the export trade moving on the Mississippi accounted for___of the total export trade of the U. S. .

　　答案：1. Y 2. Y 3. N 4. N 5. Y 6. N 7. NG 8. 80,000,000 9. split the ranks 10. 40%

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