閱讀難點關鍵句200之三(中英對照)

　　41. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States, but his definition of racial prejudice as “ racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition,” can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.

　　42. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of and so was crucial in sustaining — the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.

　　43. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on , is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.

　　44. There are several steps that can be taken, of which the chief one is to demand of all the organizations that exist with the declared objectives of safeguarding the interests of animals that they should declare clearly where they stand on violence towards people.

　　45. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types, however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.

　　46. According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge , and there is some evidence for this view.

　　47. The result of attrition is that, where the areas of the whole leaves follow a normal distribution, a bimodal distribution is produced, one peak composed mainly of fragmented pieces, the other of the larger remains.

　　48. The Bible does not tell us how the Roman census takers made out, and as regards our more immediate concern, the reliability of present day economic forecasting, there are considerable difference of opinion.

　　49. A survey conducted in Britain confirmed that an abnormally high percentage of patients suffering from arthritis of the spine who had been treated with X rays contracted cancer.

　　50. Yet across the gulf of space, minds that are to our minds as ours are to those of the beasts that perish, intellects vast and cool and unsympathetic, regarded this earth with envious eyes, and slowly and surely drew their plans against us.

　　51. Even the doctoral degree, long recognized as a required “ union card” in the academic world, has come under severe criticism as the pursuit of learning for its own sake and the accumulation of knowledge without immediate application to a professor’s classroom duties.

　　52. While a selection of necessary details is involved in both, the officer must remain neutral and clearly try to present a picture of the facts, while the artist usually begins with a preconceived message or attitude which is then transmitted through the use of carefully selected details of action described in words intended to provoke associations and emotional reactions in the reader.

　　53. Articles in the popular press even criticize the Gross National Production (GNP) because it is not such a complete index of welfare, ignoring, on the one hand, that it was never intended to be, and suggesting, on the other, that with appropriate changes it could be converted into one.

　　54. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneuaral correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.

　　55. The Chinese have distributed publications to farmers and other rural residents instructing them in what to watch for their animals so that every household can join in helping to predict earthquakes.

　　56. Supporters of the Star Wars defense system hope that this would not only protect a nation against an actual nuclear attack, but would be enough of a threat to keep a nuclear war from ever happening.

　　57. Neither would it prevent cruise missiles or bombers, whose flights are within the Earth’s atmosphere, from hitting their targets.

　　58. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.

　　59. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present day notion of the “useless” child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to its parents, is yet considered emotionally “ priceless”.

　　60. Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicted in part on the assumption that a child’s emotional value made child labor taboo.

　　第三部分(41-60句譯文)

　　41、對于針對美國黑人的種族歧視，他的理論相對成立得較好，但是他將種族偏見如此定義：“在某一特定區域內的種族競爭中被普遍接受的一個種族所受到的基于種族的負面偏見。”可以看作也包含有對象加州的中國人以及中世紀的猶太人等少數民族的敵視。

　　42、加特曼確鑿地說明黑人家庭的穩定鼓勵了黑人文化遺產的傳遞和維護，這些遺產包括從一代傳到另一代的民間傳說，音樂，和宗教表述，這些遺產使非洲和美洲的奴隸們特色顯著。

　　43、即使社會系統的民間知識中像掙錢，花費，組織，婚嫁，政治活動的參與，以及戰斗等等，都與從社會科學中衍生出來更加精細的社會系統描述相差不多，盡管它是建立在一個不太完善的個人經驗上的模型。

　　44、有幾項措施可以采取，其中主要的是要所有宣布以保護動物利益為目標的組織都明確宣布他們對于人類所受到的暴力襲擊表決堅定的立場、

　　45、用其他方式來展示神經類型的細微差別也是可能的，然而，要證明脈沖質量和傳導受到這些差別的影響還缺乏證據，看起來這些差別影響的是神經單元的發展形成方式。

　　46、根據這一理論，不是由感覺神經脈沖的質量來決定他們產生的各種神經感覺的，而是由他們被發射到大腦的哪一部位來決定的，對這一觀點是有證據的。

　　47、磨擦的結果是，在葉面上服從正態分布的地方就會產生兩種分布方式，頂點上主要是小塊，其他的地方是小塊，其他的地方是大塊的地方。

　　48、圣經沒有告訴我們羅馬的數據統計者們怎樣達到我們今天的經濟預測的可靠性的，我們進一步思考的話，其中的意見上有很大的不同。

　　49、在英國進行的一項調查證實經常接受X光照射的脊椎關節炎患者癌癥的百分比高得不正常。

　　50、然而，穿過太空的港灣，那里的意識對于我們的來說就像我們的意識比動物的意識一樣，冷酷廣博而無情的智慧，用嫉妒的眼睛看作地球，慢慢地肯定會制定針對我們的計劃。

　　51、即使是學術界被長時間認作必須“同盟卡”的博士學位，現在也因為僅僅為了學習本身和知識的累積而學習，卻不把知識應用到教授的教學職責中去而受到了嚴厲的批評。

　　52、盡管收集必要的信息對于兩者來說都是需要的，但官員必須以中立和清晰的態度來提供事實的畫面，而藝術家從已設字的信息或者態度開始，并將其過用激發讀者共鳴和情緒反應的詞語描寫的動用細節描述出來。

　　53、流行期刊中甚至有文章批評國民生產總值，因為它并不是一個福利目錄，一方面忽視了它從來就沒有這種傾向，另一方面的建議是通過正確的改變它才能被轉化過來。

　　54、其他的實驗揭示神經細胞的大小、數量、排列和連接的細微變化，但就神經關聯而言，這些感覺區域的相似性比那些細微的區別更有意義可言。

　　55、中國向農民和其它農村住戶發放了宣傳刊物，指導他們觀察動物，以便每戶人家都能參與幫助地震預報。

　　56、星球大戰防御系統的支持者們希望它不僅能保護一個遭受核攻擊的國家，也希望它能成為使核攻擊永不發生的足夠威脅。

　　57、它也不能防止軌道在地球大氣層以內的洲際導彈和轟炸機命中目標。

　　58、人民活動家一直認為黑人和拉丁美人難以在生意上立足的原因是因為他們難以取得大公司的大宗定單和分包合同。

　　59、她認為十九世紀給家庭經濟作出貢獻的孩子才“有用”的概念慢慢改變了，今天提到那些沒有掙取收入的“無用”孩子，甚至還要花銷很多，仍然在情感上被認為是無價的。

　　60、這種關于孩子的觀點到19世紀時已在中上階級中建立，并于19世紀末20世紀初在社會上廣泛傳播，當時改革者們推行童工規定和義務教育法，部分來源于孩子的情感價值的假設，這都使得使用童工被禁止了。

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