Section III Translation

　　Directions:

　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　World war was the watershed event for higher education in modern Western societies(46)Those societies came out of the war with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constant at 3-5% of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war. But after the war, great social and political changes arising out of the successful war against Fascism created a growing demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of graduates with more than a secondary school education.(47)And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university before the war. These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education, beginning in the 1960s and developing very rapidly (though unevenly) during the 1970s and 1980s.

　　The growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways, and these in turn have given rise to different sets of problems. There was first the rate of growth:(48)in many counties of Western Europe, the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the 1960s and doubled again in seven, eight or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s. Second growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions. And third growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions of higher education.

　　Each of these manifestations of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake/ For example, a high growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance, of administration, and above all of socialization. When a faculty or department grows from, say, five to 20 members within three or four years,(49)and when the new staff predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study, they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty. And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students, the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students, with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution-this was seen in America as well as in France, Italy, West Germany, and Japan.(50)High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation, they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth. In the 1960s and 1970s,

　　European universities saw marked changes in their governance arrangements, with empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.

　　46.【題干】Those societies came out of the war with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constant at 3-5% of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war.

　　【答案】戰爭結束后，一些社會隨之出現了。這些社會的入學率在戰前的幾十年里一直保持在相關年齡段的3%-5%。

　　【解析】come out of…由……產生，從……出來;enrollment入學，登記;decades數十年。

　　 >>>>這里只可以看，下載萬題庫估分，還可以練，可以看解析【點擊下載】

　　47.【題干】And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university before the war.

　　【答案】在那些社會中，人們渴望接受到更高等的教育。這個需求延伸到了戰前那些沒有想過上大學的群體和社會階層中。

　　【解析】rose：rise的過去式“上升”;attend上大學。

　　 >>>>這里只可以看，下載萬題庫估分，還可以練，可以看解析【點擊下載】

　　48.【題干】in many counties of Western Europe, the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the 1960s and doubled again in seven, eight or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s.

　　【答案】在西歐的許多國家，20世紀60年代，接受高等教育的學生人數在五年內翻了一番，到70年代中期，在七年，八年或十年里又翻了一番。

　　【解析】double作動詞，“翻倍”。

　　 >>>>這里只可以看，下載萬題庫估分，還可以練，可以看解析【點擊下載】

　　49.【題干】and when the new staff predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study, they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty.

　　【答案】當新員工主要是剛畢業的年輕男女時，他們很大程度上定義了該學院學術生活的規范。

　　【解析】predominantly主要地，以……為主;fresh新進的;norms標準，規范;faculty學院，系。

　　 >>>>這里只可以看，下載萬題庫估分，還可以練，可以看解析【點擊下載】

　　50.【題干】High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation, they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth.

　　【答案】高增長率增加了學術創新的機會,同時也削弱了教師和學生在穩定或緩慢的成長過程中,被認可為學者這群體的形式和過程。

　　【解析】academic innovation學術創新;weakened削弱，減少;admit承認，認可。

　　 >>>>這里只可以看，下載萬題庫估分，還可以練，可以看解析【點擊下載】

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