一、時態、語態

時態、語態需要掌握的要點：

1.以下幾類動詞一般不能用于進行時，同樣不用于完成進行時：

(1)表示感知的動詞：hear, feel, notice, recognize, see, taste, smell；

(2)表示意愿、情感的動詞：desire, dislike, forgive, hate, like, love, prefer, refuse, want, wish, fear, love, hate；

(3)表示思考、看法的動詞：believe, doubt, expect, forget, hope, feel, mean, know, agree, realize, mind, recall, recollect, remember, trust, suppose；

(4)表示所有、占有的動詞：belong to, owe, own, possess, hold(容納)；

(5)其他動詞：cost, appear, concern, contain, consist, deserve, matter, seem。

如：

I’d say whenever you are going after something that is belonging to you, anyone who is depriving you of the right to have it is criminal.

(1997年考研題， belong表示歸屬，不用于進行式)

He was seeing somebody creeping into the house through the open window last night.

(1990年考研題，see表示結果，不用于進行式)

2. 不用will/shall表達將來時的形式：

(1)be going to表示現在的打算和意圖；

(2)arrive, come, drive, go, leave, retire, return, set off, start, take off等表示移位的動詞的進行體表示按計劃肯定要發生的將來動作；

(3)be to (do)表示安排、計劃、決定、命令或注定要發生的事，如：

Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage is to be avoided.

(4)be about to (do)表示將要(做)，如：

Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about to pay compliments to his political leaders.

(5)be on the point /verge of (doing)表示“馬上就要”，一般不與表示將來的時間狀語連用；

(6)be, begin, come, depart, get off, go, leave, return, start的一般現在時表示按日歷或時刻表要發生的將來動作或事件，如：

If you want your film to be properly processed, you’ll have to wait and pick it up on Friday, which is the day after tomorrow.

(畫線部分一般不用will be)

(7)在時間、條件、讓步從句中，一般現在時代替將來時，但要注意區別從句的類型，如：

I don’t know where he will go tomorrow. 我不知道他明天去哪兒。(賓語從句)

I’ll tell him when you will ring again. 我告訴他你什么時候再來電話。(賓語從句)

比較：I’ll tell him when you ring again.你再打電話時我告訴他。(狀語從句)

(8)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that從句中，謂語動詞用一般現在時代替將來時，如：

See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didn’t know the answer to last time.

(include 不能用will include或其他形式)

3.完成時是時態測試的重點，注意與完成時連用的句型和時間狀語：

(1)by/between/up to/till +過去時間、since、by the time/when +表示過去發生情況的從句，主句用過去完成時。如：

We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.

Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.

(表示1919年時已發生的情況)

(2)by +將來時間、by the time/ when +謂語動詞是一般現在時的從句，主句用將來完成時。如：

By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.

I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.

(3)by now、since +過去時間、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具體數字)years/days/months，主句用現在完成時, 但在it is +具體時間since/before這一句型中，主句更多的時候不用完成時。如：

The changes that howe taken place place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.

It is four years since John left school.

(4)在It is the +序數詞/形容詞最高級+that的定語從句中，謂語動詞常用現在完成時。如：

It isn’t the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation.

(5)在no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely…when/before…句型中，主句常用過去完成時。

(6)其他與完成時連用的時間狀語：all this while, all this year, for some time, so far, already, before, just, long, yet等。

4.完成進行時指動作在完成時的基礎上還要繼續下去。如：

The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened.

The school board listened quietly as John read the demand that his followers had been demonstrating for.