【參考譯文】在先期實現工業化的歐洲國家里，其工業化進程以及隨之而來的各種深刻的社會結構變革持續了大約一個世紀，而如今一個發展中國家在十年左右的時間內就可以完成同樣的過程。

　　【真題例句】A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way。(2001閱讀1)

　　【結構分析】逗號前是本句的主句A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists…，現在分詞結構coming together nationally within one or two specific societies作professional geologists的后置定語。whereas引導讓步狀語從句，翻譯為“然而”。

　　【參考譯文】類似的分化過程也導致專業地質學家聚集起來，形成一兩個全國性的團體，而業余地質學家則要么留在地方性團體中，要么以不同方式組成全國性的團體。

　　(四)原因狀語從句

　　由because, since, as引導，如：

　　【真題例句】Because they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the confidence that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are admired by others。(2003完形)

　　【結構分析】句首即是一個because引導的原因狀語從句Because they are adjusting to…，主句部分主語為teenagers，and并列主系表和主謂賓結構。在賓語中，confidence后是that引導的定語從句，關系代詞that在從句中作主語，謂語部分comes from achieving success and knowing…后是一個that引導的賓語從句，由一個被動語態構成。

　　【參考譯文】因為這些青少年正在適應他們變化的身體和大量新的智力和情感方面的挑戰，他們的自我意識特別強烈，他們需要自信，這種自信來自于取得成動，來自知道自己的成績受人羨慕。

　　【真題例句】Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad。(That’s where Straitford earns its keep。)(2003閱讀1)

　　【結構分析】該句子為主從復合句，主句在逗號前，since引導原因狀語從句，由it充當形式主語，真正主語在不定式后to tell good information from bad，翻譯為“因為很難區分信息的真偽”。

　　【參考譯文】當然這種公開渠道的諜報活動也有其風險，因為很難區分信息的真偽。(而這正是斯特福德公司謀生之所在。)

　　【真題例句】The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find。(2002-62)

　　【結構分析】本句的主語在句首The behavioral sciences have been slow to change，后面由and并列的兩個because均引起原因狀語從句。第一個從句中，使用了被動語態be directly observed。

　　【參考譯文】行為科學之所以發展緩慢，部分原因是用來解釋行為的依據似乎往往是直接觀察到的，部分原因是其他的解釋方式一直難以找到。

　　【真題例句】We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. (2004英譯漢)

　　【結構分析】該句是復合句。 逗號前為主要成分，包含一個由because引導的原因狀語從句;as后為次主要成分，也引導一個狀語從句，補充說明some of these languages have since vanished 的原因。who 引導定語從句who spoke them修飾peoples，them直接指代these languages。在as從句中，謂語became assimilated和die out由or并列。在翻譯時，我們只需注意在漢語中，說話重心一般后置的原則，從小到大依次排列，將此句譯為：

　　【參考譯文】由于使用這些語言的民族已經消亡或被同化，失去了他們自己的母語，因此這些語言也就不復存在了，而這也正是我們要感謝兩位先驅(請參考原題Two anthropologist—linguists, Franz Boas Edward Sapir)的原因。