三、換言之

　　沒話說了，可以換一句話再說，讓你的文章在多一些字，或者文鄒鄒地說，是讓讀者更充分的理解你的觀點。

　　實際就是重復重復再重復!下面的句子實際上就三個字I love you!

　　I am enthusiastic about you. That is to say, I love you.

　　I am wild about you. In other words, I have fallen in love with you.

　　或者上面我們舉過的例子：

　　I cannot bear it.可以用短語表達：I cannot put up with it.

　　因此可以這樣說：I cannot bear it. That is to say, I cannot put up with it or I am fed up with it.

　　更多短語：in more difficult language, in simpler words, put it more simply

　　“引言”段落中的常用句型：

　　1.…is a very popular topic which is much talked about not only by …but also by …

　　家庭人口多好還是家庭人口少好是一個非常通俗的主題，不僅是城里人，而且農民都經常談論這個問題。

　　Weahter a large family is a good thing or not is a very popular topic which is often talked about not only by city residents but by farners as well.

　　2.There is no denying the fact that…

　　無可否認，空氣污染是一個極其嚴重的問題：城市當局應該采取有力措施來解決它。

　　There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extemerely serious problem:the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

　　3.As is known to all,…

　　眾所周知，假冒偽劣商品損害了消費者的利益。

　　As is known to all,fake and inferior commodities harm the interests of consumers.(=do a lot of harm to the interests of comsumers)

　　4.More and more people are realing the importance of …

　　現在越來越多的人認識到法制教育的重要性。為了維護社會治安，我們每人都應該接受法制教育。

　　Tody an increaasing number of people have realized that law education is of great importance .In order to keep law and order,very one of us is supposed to get(=receive)a law education.

　　5.From what I have mentioned above we can see clearly that…

　　從上面我所提到的，我們可以清楚地看到，電視暴力對青少年的影響是極其深遠的。

　　From what I have mentoned above,we can see clearly that violence on TV has great influence on young adults’behaviour.(或teenagers’behavior 或youngsters’behavior)

　　“正文”段落中常用的句型：

　　1.There are some good reasons for…(分析原因)two possible

　　人民生活狀況的改善原因有兩點。首先，我們一直在貫徹執行改革開放政策。其次，國民經濟正在迅速發展，而且出生率已經得到控制。

　　There are two reasons for the improvement in people ’ s living conditions.In the first place,we have been carrying out the reform and opening-up policy.Secondly,there has been a rapid expansion of our national economy .Further-more,the birth rate has been put under control.

　　2.My suggestions to deal with the problem are as follows.In the first place,… Secondly,…

　　Finally… solve

　　tackle

　　relieve (提出建議)

　　我對解決這個問題的建議如下。首先，迫在眉睫的是建立自然保護區。其次，有些瀕臨滅絕的珍稀野生動物應該收捕、人工喂養并繁殖。最后，對于捕獵珍稀野生動物的人必須嚴懲。

　　My suggestions to deal with the problem are as follows .To begin with,it is urgent to create nature reserves.Secondly,certain rare wild animals that are going to be extinct should be collected,fed and reproduced artificially.Finally ,those who hunter them must be punished severely.

　　3.Different people have different opinions on this question.Some people believe that …

　　Others

　　problem. matter. argue that… Still others assert that…(論述不同看法)

　　人們對失敗持有不同的態度。面對失敗，有人能夠經得起考驗，從失敗中汲取教訓，并努力去完成他們下定決心要做的事情。然而，另一些人卻喪失信心并退卻了。

　　People differ in their attitudes towards failure.Faced with it ,some of them can stand up to it .draw useful lessons from it and try hard to fulfii what they are determined to do.Others,however,lose heart and give in.

　　4.It is important (nessary, urgent, difficult, easy, expensive, desirable, abvisable,convenient, comfortable)for sb. to do sth. (發表意見)

　　人們希望建立更多的醫院、購物中心、娛樂中心、電影院和其他公用設施來滿足人民日益增長的需求。

　　It is desirable to build more hospitals,shopping centres,recreation centres,cinemas and other public facilities to meet the growing needs of people.

　　5.As a popular saying goes “Everything has two sides.” (分析利弊)

　　常言道：“事物總是一分為二的”。如今人們從科技發明中得到越來越多的好處。另一方面，科技進步也給我們帶來了許多麻煩。現在許多國家的人民飽嘗公害之苦。

　　As a popular saying goes, “ Everything has two sides.” Now people (the public)are benefiting more and more from scientific and technological inventions. On the other hand,the progress of science and technology is bringing us a lot of trouble. People in many countries are srffering from public hazards.

　　6.For example, … (舉例闡述) For instance, … Let’s take …for examlpe.

　　就拿汽車為例。汽車不僅污染城市空氣，而且使城市擁擠不堪。此外，汽車造成許多交通事故。汽車所產生的噪音使居住在街道兩旁的居民日夜不得安寧。

　　Les ’ s take cars for example.They not only pollute the air in cities,but make them crowed.Furthermore,they carse a lot of traffic accidents. (…, they are responsible for a lot of traffic accidents.) The noise made by cars disturbs the residents living on both sides of streets all day and night.

　　7.It is generally believed that … accepted (引證觀點) thought held

　　普遍認為，在發達國家人口增長的主要原因與其說是出生率的上升，還不如說是由于醫療保健的改善的使死亡率下降了。

　　It is generally believed (=thought) that the chief reason for the increase in population in developed coutries is not so much the rise in birth rates as the decline in death rates as a result of the improvement in medical care.

　　8. …causes (produces, brings about, leads to, results in …)(因果關系)毫無疑問，需求的增長導致了價格的上漲。

　　There is no doubt that the increase in demand causes(results in/leads to) the rise in prices.

　　圖表概述或描述中常用的句型

　　1. As is shown by the graph,… (概述圖表)in the table.

　　正如曲線所示，最近54 年來該國人口飛速增長。

　　As is shown by the graph,there has been a rapid increase in the population of the country in the past five years.

　　2. It can be seen from the table that … ( 得出結論) shown graph concluded figures estimated statistics

　　A. 從表中所給的統計數字可以看出，從1985 年到1990 年中國的人均收入迅速提高。

　　From the statistics given in the table it can be seen that the average personal income of the Chinese people increased (grew 、rose) rapidly from 1985 to 1990.

　　B. 從曲線圖可以得出結論，最近5 年來中國人口的出生率已經大大下降。

　　It can be concluded from the graph that there has been a great decline in birth rates in China in the past five years.

　　3. … amount to … ( 數量總計) add up to come to

　　sum up to

　　全部費用合計200 美元。All the expenses (costs) amount to (= add up to) $ 200.

　　4. … increase from … to … (數量增減) decrease rise fall drop

　　A. 這個工廠生產的彩電已由1986 年的5000 臺增加到1990 年的21000 臺。

　　The number of colour TV sets produced by the factory increased (rose , grew , climbed)from 5000 in 1986 to 21000 in 1990.

　　B.參加者的人數增加到30 萬。The number of paticipants grew up to 300000 persons =increased , reaching 300000 persons).

　　C. 這個學校的教職工人數已減少到700 人。The number of teaching staff members in this school has decreased to 700 persons.

　　5.(be)three times as + 形容詞+ as 總產量total output 鋼的年產量the annual output of上升17% rise by 17per cent steel 日產量the daily output 導致產量下降result in a diminished output

　　現在我們地區的糧食產量相當于1970 年的3 倍。

　　The grain production (= output)in our area now is three times as great as that of 1970.

　　6.Compared with … , …

　　與去年相比，今年13 項主要產品的產量都有大幅度增長。The factory has an output of 9 million cigarettes daily.

　　Compared with that of last year,the output of 13 main products (= items) this year has increased to a great extent.

　　7.There is (was) a rapid rise in … be on the rise

　　has been sharp increase on the increase

　　sudden decrease on the decline

　　steady decline

　　gradual fall

　　slow drop

　　slight

　　最近幾年來這個地區的棉花產量有了迅速增長。

　　The cotton output in this area has increased rapidly in the past few years.

　　——“結尾”段落中常用的句型：

　　1. In my opinion, … 2. Personally, I … 3. In short (= In brief), …

　　4. In conclusion, … 5.As far as I’m concerned, … 6. To conclude , it seems clear that …

　　至于說到我，我贊成前一種觀點。所以，我的結論是，只要我們堅持正確的東西，改正錯誤的東西，我們就一定能成功。

　　As far as I’m concerned ,I’m in favour of the former view.Therefore,my conclusion is that we are certain to succeed as long as we stick to what is right and correct what is wrong.

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