二、句子擴展:成分替換
句子的復雜不僅體現在修飾成分繁多上,還體現在句子成分本身的復雜化上,下面就通過句子成分由簡單到復雜的替換來演示句子是如何變難的。
(一)鉆石句型①主謂賓句型
主語擴展:
The event amazed the world.
What happened on that day amazed the world.
To hold the Winter Olympics in China amazes the world.
Holding the Winter Olympics in China amazed the world.
That China is to hold the Winter Olympics amazes the world.
注:由此可見,充當主語的除了簡單的名詞(短語)、代詞、數詞,還可以是形式比較復雜的動詞不定式(短語)、動名詞(短語)、主語從句?佳蟹g中明確這一點,才能打開思路,更好地劃分句子成分,從而做到真正理解句意,進而很好的用漢語表達出來。
賓語擴展:
He can hear me.
He can hear the strange sound.
He can hear anything happening in the building.
He can hear the sound from that building.
He can hear a girl crying in the building.
He can hear whatever happens in the building.
He decided to check what’s going on in the building.
He considered going to the building for a look.
注:由此可見,充當賓語的除了簡單的名詞(短語)、代詞、數詞,還有形式比較復雜的動詞不定式(短語),動名詞(短語),賓語從句。同樣的,考研翻譯中明確這一點也非常重要,有助于打開思路,理清句子成分。
(二)鉆石句型②主系表句型
主語擴展:鉆石句型①中的主語擴展(成分替換)已經很明確了,此處不再重復。
表語擴展:
They are beautiful.
They are in the zoo.
They are beautiful animals in the zoo.
They are interested in the new invention.
To see is to believe.
That is what we are talking about.
注:由此可見,充當表語的成分繁多,有形容詞(短語),介詞短語,動詞不定式(短語),分詞(短語),名詞,表語從句。在考研翻譯,中若這些充當表語的成分變得更長一些,要注意識別。
三、示例
通過下面這個例子,并結合以上句子的擴展,體驗一下英文句子的各個成分及結構。
But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.
解析:
并列句。第一個分句主干:science does provide us。其中with the best available guide to the future為狀語修飾provide,the best available和to the future分別為guide的前置定語和后置定語,由此本句賓語被復雜化; 第二個分句主干:it is critical that...,其中,it為形式主語,that從句為真正的主語,從句主語為名詞短語our nation and the world, base...on...為固定搭配,第二個that從句為judgments的定語從句,分詞結構concerning...為judgments的后置定語。
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