復合句(Complex Sentence)
一個主句和一個以上的從句所構成的句子稱為復合句,也稱為主從復合句。復合句通常由關聯詞把主句和從句連接起來。
例句: Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed openaccess, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. (選自2008年Text 2)
分析: 該句是復合句,其中主干結構是Other models exist;that引導的定語從句修飾models,而在從句中又套了一個由where引導的定語從句修飾openaccess;在 where從句中,before引導的時間狀語從句中有一個who引導的定語從句修飾 everyone。
譯文: 其他存在的模式都是由以上三種模式相結合的產物。比如延緩式廣開門路的模式,前6個月只允許付費的訂閱者查閱相關論文,之后,才對大眾免費開放。
例句: However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is,as yet,an unanswered question. (選自2005年Text 1)
分析: 該句是復合句,本句中由or連接兩個并列主語從句,后接系表結構is an unanswered question;定語從句that the species had 35 million years ago修飾the common ancestor。
譯文: 但是這種公平意識是在卷尾猴和人類身上各自獨立演化而成的,還是來自于3500年前他們共同的祖先,這還是一個懸而未決的問題。
復合句根據關聯詞在句中的作用可分為如下類型:
(一)名詞性從句(Noun Clause)
名詞性從句包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句。(見第一章代詞“九、連接代詞”)
(二)狀語從句(Adverbial Clause)
狀語從句根據其意義可分為:
1. 時間狀語從句
時間狀語從句常用when,whenever(任何時候),as(當……時候、隨著),while(在……期間,與……同時),before,after,since(自……以來),as soon as,until/till(直到),once(一旦)等連詞引導。
例句: All those left undone may sound great in theory, but even the truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics. (1999年第19題)
分析: 該句是并列復合句,其中left undone作后置定語修飾those。
譯文: 所有剩下來沒做的那些事,理論上聽起來很重要,但即使是對此深信不疑者,當談到具體事宜時也不免有很大困難。
例句: The school board listened quietly as John read the demands that his followers had been demonstrating for.
分析: 該句是復合句,其中that his followers had been demonstrating for為一定語從句修飾 the demands。
譯文: 當約翰讀著同伴們的要求時,校董事會靜靜地聽著。
例句: Whenever we hear of a natural disaster, even in a distant part of the world, we feel sympathy for the people affected. (1995年第16題)
分析: 該句是復合句,其中過去分詞affected作定語修飾the people。
譯文: 無論何時當我們聽說一起自然災害時,即使它發生在世界某一遙遠的地區,我們都會同情受災的人。
例句: More than 60, 000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first became available without prescriptions last year, according to Doug Fogg, chief operating officer of Identigene,which makes the overthecounter kits. (選自2009年Text 2)
分析: 該句是復合句,主句部分是More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs。since引導一個時間狀語從句,which makes the overthecounter kits是修飾 Identigene的定語從句;其中overthecounter意為“不需處方就可以出售的”,chief operating officer of Identigene作Doug Fogg的同位語。
譯文: 據生產這種非處方產品套裝的“愛的基因”公司的首席運營官道格·福格說,自從去年首次不需要處方就可購買親子鑒定產品套裝以后,已經有6萬多人參與購買。
注意: 時間狀語從句還可由the moment/the instant/the minute(一……就)等名詞,every time/each time(每當……)等名詞和directly/instantly(一……就)等副詞引導,這些詞都起到連詞的作用。
例句: If individuals are awakened each time they begin a dream phase of sleep, they are likely to become irritable even though their total amount of sleep has been sufficient.
分析: 該句是復合句,本句是由一個主句they are likely to become irritable和三個從句if individuals are...,each time they begin...和even though...組成。
譯文: 睡眠的人每次開始進入夢鄉時就被叫醒,即使他們的睡眠總量是足夠的,他們也很可能變得煩躁易怒。
2. 地點狀語從句
地點狀語從句常由where(哪里,在……地方),wherever(無論什么地方)引導。
例句: The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.(2011年第50題)
分析: 該句是復合句,主干部分是The upside is the possibilities;where before we were experts..., now we become authorities...;其中,分詞短語contained in knowing that everything is up to us作后置定語修飾the possibilities,knowing that everything is up to us作介詞in的賓語;where后引導一個地點狀語從句。expert in意為“專長于,熟練應對……的專家”;be up to意為“勝任,由……負責”。
譯文: 其真正意義在于,洞察一切皆取決于我們自身,即擁有了無限可能;我們曾經是熟練應對各種局限的專家,而如今成為駕馭各種可能性的專家。
例句: Wherever you go you will observe great changes that have taken place in this city over the past years.
分析: 該句是復合句,定語從句that have taken place in this city over the past years修飾 changes。
譯文: 不管你走到哪里,你都會看到那座城市在過去到現在的幾年間發生的巨大變化。
3. 原因狀語從句
原因狀語從句常由because,as,since,now that,not that...but that(不是因為……而是因為……),in that,for fear that,considering that,seeing that,on the ground that引導。because,as,since的區別在于because語氣最強,可與not,just,only連用,也可用于強調句中;其次為as,原因比較明顯或為已知原因;最后為since,對方已知事實,相當于“既然”。
例句: Since it is too late to change my mind now, Im committed to carrying out the plan. (1996年第38題)
分析: 該句是復合句,其中短語be committed(to)意為“同意承擔,答應做某事”。
譯文: 既然現在改變主意為時已晚,我就答應執行這項計劃。
例句: Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe in that it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.
分析: 該句是復合句,which引導的定語從句修飾blocks,其中be produced from...意為“靠……生產/獲得”。in that引導原因狀語從句。
譯文: 氫是構成天地萬物的基本元素,因為它可以提供構成其他物質的原材料。
例句: The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. (2002年第62題)
分析: 該句是復合句,主句部分為The behavioral sciences have been slow to change,從句是由because引導的兩個原因狀語從句,partly because...partly because... 是一組常見搭配,意為“部分原因是……”。
譯文: 行為科學之所以發展緩慢,部分原因是用來解釋行為的依據似乎往往是直接觀察到的,部分原因是其他的解釋方式一時難以找到。
例句: Yesterday she was absent from class, not because she was ill, just because she went home to see her sick parents.
分析: 該句是復合句。
譯文: 昨天她缺課,不是因為她生病了,而是因為她回家看望生病的雙親去了。
例句: It was because he was ill that he didnt write to me.
分析: 該句是復合句,為強調句型。
譯文: 正是因為他生病了才沒有給我寫信。
(以上兩句中because均不可換成as或since。)
4.目的狀語從句
目的狀語從句常用that(為了,以便),so that(為了,以便),in order that(為了,以便), lest(以防,以免)連詞引導。
例句: Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a great sensation. (1998年第28題)
分析: 該句是復合句,so that引導一個狀語從句表示目的。
譯文: 有些報界人士常常夸大事態以使他們的新聞產生轟動效應。
例句: We sent the package by air mail in order that it might reach them in time.
分析: 該句是復合句。
譯文: 這件包裹我們用航空郵寄,以便他們能及時收到。
5.結果狀語從句
結果狀語從句常用that(結果,以致),so that(結果,以致),so...that(如此……以致), such...that(這樣的……以致)等連詞引導。它與目的狀語從句不同之處在于目的狀語從句中 常常出現情態動詞,有時也能從其意義中分辨出。
例句: Over the years, a large number of overseas students have studied at that university with the result that it has acquired substantial experience in dealing with them.
分析: 該句是復合句,with the result意為“結果是……,帶來某種結果”,引導從句表示結果。
譯文: 多年來,大量留學生在那所大學學習,因此該大學獲得了許多與這些學生打交道的經驗。
例句: And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage. (2001年第75題)
分析: 該句是復合句,so...that后為一狀語從句,表示結果;controlling and operating them是從句中的并列主語。
譯文: 家用電器將會變得如此智能化,以至于控制和操作它們會引起一種新的心理疾病——廚房狂躁癥。
6.條件狀語從句
條件狀語從句常用if, unless, suppose/supposing, provided/providing(that)(倘若), on condition (that)(如果), as/so long as(只要), in case(如果)引導。
例句: Circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation.(2011年第49題)
分析: 該句由and連接的兩個分句構成,其中前一個分句是簡單句;后一個分句是if引導的復合句,主句部分是we are unlikely to begin...situation,從句部分是if we feel that we have been “wronged”,that we have been “wronged”作feel的賓語從句。to bring out the best in意為“使……顯示出最好的一面”。
譯文: 環境似乎旨在激發我們的最大潛能,如果總感覺“上天待自己不公”,那么我們就不太可能有意識地去努力脫離現狀。
例句: You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you dont mind taking the night train.
分析: 該句是復合句, provided(that)引導的條件狀語從句中mind接動名詞taking做其賓語。
譯文: 假如你不介意乘夜班車的話,你可以早點兒到達北京開會。
7.讓步狀語從句
讓步狀語從句常用although(though), as(盡管,雖然),while(雖然),even if/though(即使),however(不管怎樣), whatever(不管,無論什么), whether...or(不管……還是), no matter what/how/where/when。其中although和though意義上無區別,although語氣上要強一些,常置于句首。
例句: While we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ” (2011年第47題)
分析: 該句是復合句,主干部分是“while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control, we are faced with...do this or achieve that?”。其中,介詞短語through the conscious mind alone作狀語,表示方式,修飾謂語sustain;do this or achieve that作賓語myself的補足語。
譯文: 盡管我們或許可以僅憑意識來維持“控制”這種錯覺,但在現實中,我們還是要不斷地面臨一個問題:“我為什么不能讓自己做這個或實現哪個?”
例句: Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we may have done during the day.
分析: 該句是復合句,連接代詞no matter what(=whatever)在句中作done的賓語。
譯文: 研究結果表明,無論白天發生了什么,我們每個晚上都會做兩個小時的夢。
例句: Even though the daytoday experience of raising kids can be soulcrushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.” (選自2011年Text 4)
分析: 該句是復合句,其中,主句的主干部分是Senior writes that “the very things can later be sources of intense gratification and delight”,定語從句that in the moment dampen our moods修飾the very things。
譯文: 即使每日撫養孩子的經歷艱難到摧殘靈魂的地步,但是森尼爾寫道“恰恰是那些當時打擊我們情緒的事情隨后卻成為我們極度滿足和快樂的源泉”。
8. 比較狀語從句
比較狀語從句常用as...as, than, not so/as...as(不像……一樣), the...the(越……越……), as...so...(正如……那樣)連接。
例句: These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital information than exist in traditional media. (1999年第10題)
分析: 該句是復合句,than exist in traditional media是一定語從句修飾restrictions,其完整形式應為than those which exist in traditional media。
譯文: 這些提議力圖為數據信息的使用和拷貝建立起比現存的傳統媒介中更多的限制。
例句: As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access—after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. (選自2001年Text 2)
分析: 該句是復合句,本句主干為it is in the interest of business to universalize access,as引導一時間狀語從句,破折號后的內容是對主句作進一步解釋說明。
譯文: 隨著互聯網日趨商業化,網絡普及對商家是有利的——畢竟,上網的人越多,潛在的消費群體就越大。
9.方式狀語從句
方式狀語從句常用as(像,如同), as if/though(好像)連接,其中as if/though引導的從句中謂語動詞可以是陳述語氣,也可使用虛擬語氣。
例句: For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty. (選自2000年Text 1)
分析: 該句是復合句,as though引導的從句作looked的表語,其中表語從句中的主干部分為the making of semiconductors was going to be the next casualty,兩個并列定語從句which America had...and which...修飾the making of semiconductors。
譯文: 半導體制造業本為美國所開創,在電腦時代有著舉足輕重的作用,但是有段時間也似乎一度瀕臨崩潰。
例句: Christie stared angrily at her boss and turned away, as though to go out of the office.(2000年第6題)
分析: 該句是復合句,從句as though后的完整形式為...as though she were to go out of the office。
譯文: 克里斯蒂憤怒地瞪著她的老板,然后轉過身子,好像是要走出辦公室。
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