預(yù)測

    在對付難文的閱讀時(shí)，一定要善于在理解已知信息的基礎(chǔ)上對隨之可能出現(xiàn)的信息進(jìn)行積極預(yù)測。預(yù)測時(shí)，應(yīng)學(xué)會借助主題句、關(guān)聯(lián)詞語等篇章信息來提高預(yù)測的準(zhǔn)確性。如，有一篇短文以這樣一句開頭：

Many people believe the glare from snow causes snowblindness. Yet…這里根據(jù)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的關(guān)聯(lián)詞Yet，預(yù)測到下面可能出現(xiàn)的是主題句，又必然要否定本句中許多人的觀點(diǎn)，即snowblindness(雪盲)可能由glare from snow以外的其它原因引起。原文緊接著的是：Yet，dark glasses or not，they find themselves suffering from headaches and watering eyes，and even snowblindness，when exposed to several hours of “snow light”. 據(jù)此主題，我們可以比較有把握地預(yù)測到下文將著墨于引起“雪盲”的真正原因，原文如下：

    The United States Army has now determined that glare from snow does not cause snowblindness in troops in a snow-covered country. Rather，a man’s eyes frequently find nothing to focus on in a broad expanse of barren snow-covered terrain. So his gaze continually shifts and jumps back and forth over the entire landscape in search of something to look at. Finding nothing hour after hour，the eyes never stop searching and the eyeballs become sore and the eye muscles ache. Nature offsets this irritation by producing more and more fluid which covers the eyeball. The fluid covers the eyeball in increasing quantity until vision blurs，then is obscured，and the result is total，even though temporary，snowblindness.

    但預(yù)測不一定總是正確，它需要在繼續(xù)閱讀中予以肯定、否定或修正。上例中下文的內(nèi)容與預(yù)測相近，表示理解過程正確。如預(yù)測與下文不一致，則可能：①對前面內(nèi)容的理解有偏差；②據(jù)以預(yù)測的那部分語言信息可能有多種不同理解，因而可據(jù)以作出多種不同的預(yù)測。

預(yù)測有順向預(yù)測和逆向預(yù)測兩種，上面提到的為順向預(yù)測。所謂逆向預(yù)測，實(shí)為預(yù)測的一種特殊形式，應(yīng)用于已知下文要推知上文的場合。閱讀中積極運(yùn)用順向和逆向預(yù)測，除了上面談到的能提高對文章的理解深度外，還可幫助我們讀懂本來難以讀懂的章節(jié)。

    判斷

    在閱讀中，我們有時(shí)需要對文章內(nèi)容的正誤作出判斷，有時(shí)需要借助上下文對個(gè)別詞語的大意作出判斷，有時(shí)需要根據(jù)關(guān)聯(lián)，對上下文進(jìn)行預(yù)測性判斷，有時(shí)需要在綜合分析的基礎(chǔ)上，通過判斷得出結(jié)論，有時(shí)還需要對作者語氣態(tài)度、思想傾向等等作出判斷。判斷貫穿于閱讀的全過程，也滲透在各種閱讀微技能中。例：

    （1） 判斷推測句中omnivorous一詞的大意

    She has a wide interest and is an omnivorous reader.

    根據(jù)句中她“興趣廣”這一上文和被修飾的reader一詞，可大概判斷omnivorous具有“興趣廣、什么書都喜歡讀”等含義。

     （2） 根據(jù)前文，判斷下文

Laziness is a sin, everyone knows that. Nevertheless…

A) laziness can actually be helpful

B) laziness is a sign of mental illness

C) laziness is immoral and wasteful

D) you must be careful when you see someone lazy

根據(jù)第一分句的語義傾向和Nevertheless一詞，我們可得出這樣的判斷，即下文要談的內(nèi)容必然與之相反，即談?wù)?/SPAN>Laziness也有其有利、肯定的一面，故A最有可能。

    （3） 判斷作者觀點(diǎn)

Which of the following statements was written by someone who prefers small cars to large ones?

A) Their excellent gas mileage and even their improved interior design notwithstanding，today’s compact cars simply fail to provide the feel a traditional motorist yearns for.

B) They lack some of the size and even the character of the full-sized autos we were accustomed to; but today’s compacts more than make up for this with their excellent gas mileage.

    本題要求我們對A、B中哪種觀點(diǎn)贊成小汽車作出判斷。A句中主句對小汽車予以否定，句首對小汽車的肯定性陳述又被notwithstanding一詞否定。答案是B，第一分句講到小汽車的缺陷：缺乏大汽車的空間和氣派；第二分句則認(rèn)為小汽車的緊湊及其優(yōu)秀的低耗油特征能遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)彌補(bǔ)上述不足，前面以轉(zhuǎn)折連詞將作者觀點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)向第二分句。