四、虛擬語氣(Subjunctive Mood)

　　虛擬語氣用來表示說話人的愿望、請求、意圖、建議、懷疑、設想等未能或不可能成為事實的情況，以及在說話人看來實現的可能性很小的情況。

　　1. If 條件句中的虛擬語氣

　　If 非真實條件句所表示的假設是不可能或不大可能發生或實現的，句中的主句與從句都用虛擬語氣，其構成如下：

　　例句：

　　If I had time, I would go to the movies with you.

　　If we hadn’t made adequate preparations, the conference wouldn’t have been so successful.

　　If it were to rain tomorrow, the game would be put off.

　　幾種特殊形式：

　　1)在非真實條件句中，有時從句的動詞所表示的動作和主句的動詞所表示的動作并不同時發生，在這樣的條件句中使用的虛擬式稱為混合虛擬式。其構成視具體情況而定。例如：

　　If I had taken my raincoat when I came out this morning, I would not be wet now.

　　If I were you, I wouldn’t have missed the film last night.

　　2)引導非真實條件從句的連詞if在正式文體中有時可以省去，were, had, should等非行為動詞這是應提到從句句首。例如：

　　If I were you, I wouldn’t feel sorry.

　　Were I you, I wouldn’t feel sorry.

　　3)不用if引導的虛擬條件句時，without, but for, but that, otherwise等同樣表示虛擬。例如：

　　But for your help, they couldn’t have succeeded.

　　She wasn’t feeling well. Otherwise, she wouldn’t have left the meeting so early.

　　2. 其它的虛擬語氣形式

　　1)意為“提議、建議、請求、命令”等意思的動詞所帶的從句(包括賓語從句和主語從句)中，謂語部分用(should +) 動詞原形形式。詞類動詞有：ask, advise, agree, arrange, beg, command, decide, demand, desire, determine, direct, instruct, insist, intend, maintain, move, order, persuade, pray, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest, tell, urge, stipulate等。例如：

　　I suggest that we (should) go camping tomorrow.

　　He insisted that our laboratory reports (should) be handed in the day after the experiment was done.

　　It’s proposed that a committee (should) be set up to look into the matter.

　　表示上述意思的名詞所帶的表語從句或同位語從句也采用相同的虛擬語氣的形式。如：

　　His suggestion is that we (should) go camping tomorrow.

　　His suggestion that we (should) go camping tomorrow is good.

　　注意：當suggest, insist等詞不再表示“建議”或“堅持要求”的含義時，其后的從句不再用虛擬語氣。當上述名詞所帶的從句為定語從句時也不用虛擬語氣。例如：

　　His look suggested that he wasn’t telling the truth.

　　He insisted that he was right.

　　The suggestion that he made is good.

　　2)在 It is + 形容詞 + that從句的句型中，that引導的主語從句中的謂語動詞采用should + 動詞原形形式，其中should常省略。常見此類形容詞有：absurd, advisable, better, best, desirable, (un)fair, fortunate, good, imperative, important, incredible, just, natural, (un)necessary, odd, pleasant, possible, preferable, right, ridiculous, sad, silly, unusual, urgent, vital, wrong等，表示必要、應該、建議、要求、驚訝、不相信等意。例如：

　　It’s necessary that we (should) set out at once.

　　3)在lest, for fear that, in case等詞引導的從句中，謂語部分用 (should +) 動詞原形表示虛擬。例如：

　　Grown people should never say or do anything wrong before children, lest they (should) set them a bad example.

　　4)虛擬語氣可用于wish后的賓語從句中，表示與事實相反的愿望。其表達形式一般是將謂語動詞提前一個時態。例如：

　　I wish I had been to the concert last night.

　　I wish he would forgive me.

　　I wish I knew the spelling of the word now.

　　5)在would rather后面的從句中，動詞也要求用虛擬語氣，表示某人的愿望。其表達形式一般是將謂語動詞提前一個時態。例如：

　　I’d rather you left tomorrow instead of today.

　　I’d rather you hadn’t done anything like that.

　　I’d rather stay at home instead of going outside.

　　6)在由as if, as though引導的方式狀語從句中，表示和現在事實相反或對現在情況有所懷疑，或表示與主句謂語動詞同時或其后的假設情況時，從句中謂語動詞用過去時。表示過去想象中的動作或情況或表示在主句謂語動詞所表示時間之前的假設情況，從句用過去完成時。如果表示的情況很可能發生或是事實，則用陳述語氣。例如：

　　She looks as if she knew all about it.

　　They talked as though they had got acquainted with each other for years.

　　7)在if only引起的感嘆句中，用謂語動詞的一般過去時表示與現在的事實相反的情況，用過去完成時表示與過去事實相反的情況。例如：

　　If only he knew our telephone number!

　　If only I had prepared for the examination last night.

　　8)It is (high, about) time that…的句型要求用虛擬式，表示應該做還沒有做的事。其表達形式一般是謂語動詞使用過去時態。例如：

　　It’s high time that he stopped smoking.

　　It’s about time that we took our leave.

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