十、省略與替代(Ellipsis and Substitution)

　　省略與替代二者有著緊密的聯系，都是為了精簡詞語和避免重復，常常交替使用，從而使語言簡潔明了，上下文聯系更加緊密。

　　省略

　　1. 某一句子成分的省略

　　(I) Beg your pardon?

　　(There) Must be somebody waiting for you.

　　We’ll do the best we can (do).

　　Only one of us was seriously injured, and he (was injured) just slightly.

　　Which of them is the better choice? — Well, it’s hard to tell (it).

　　Let’s do the dishes. I’ll wash (dishes) and you dry (dishes).

　　Is this your bike? — Yes, it is (mine).

　　He’s a real man. — Who is (a real man)?

　　If you need any of that firewood, I can give you plenty (of that firewood).

　　That letter was the last (I ever received from her).

　　2. 多個句子成分的省略

　　(I’ll say) A word about your composition.

　　(It is) Interesting, isn’t it?

　　(Is there) Anybody in?

　　(Have you) Got a light?

　　How could you (say so)?

　　Why (do you) not go by bus?

　　Which is the best? — The red one (is the best).

　　Have you finished the work? — Yes, I have (finished it).

　　3. 從句或整句省略

　　He paused as if (he were) expecting Jenny to speak.

　　When (she was) asked about it, she only smiled without giving any answer.

　　It is easier to make a plan than (it is) to carry it out.

　　Do you like the film? — Oh, (I like it) very much.

　　Shall I make a fair copy of it? — Yes, (you can make a fair copy of it) if time permits.

　　You would do the same (if you were in my position).

　　I asked her when she would leave, and she said she didn’t know (when she would leave).

　　替代

　　1. 名詞性替代

　　名詞性替代指用替代詞代替名詞或名詞詞組。常見的名詞替代詞有代詞one / ones, the same, the kind, the sort等。如：

　　The child doesn’t like this book. Show him a more interesting one. (one = book)

　　Today’s libraries are quite different from those of the past. (those = the libraries)

　　I’ll have two boiled eggs, please. — I’d like the same. (the same = two boiled eggs)

　　2. 動詞性替代

　　動詞性替代指用替代詞代替動詞或動詞短語。常見的動詞替代詞有do, do so等。如：

　　John speaks French as fluently as he does German. (does = speaks)

　　He said he would tell me the news, but he didn’t do so. (do so = tell me the news)

　　I like playing football. — So do I. (So do I. = I like playing football, too.)

　　Mary will enter the competition. — So will Joan. (So will Joan. = Joan will enter the competition.)

　　3. 句子替代

　　句子替代是指用替代詞代替整個從句。主要替代詞有so和not。 如：

　　— Do you think he’ll come tomorrow?

　　— Yes, I think so. (so = that he’ll come tomorrow)

　　No, I think not. (not = that he’ll not come tomorrow)

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