Part C

　　Directions:

　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

　　There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.(46)It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. (47)Only gradually was the by�瞤roduct of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world’s work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.

　　But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.(48)While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. (49)Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.

　　(50)We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education—that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.

　　教育可以在每個人同他人生活時獲得，也可以通過年輕人有目的的學習獲得，這兩種教育有很大的區別。前一種情況下教育帶有偶然性，它在自然而然中發生，也很重要，但這并不是這種關系發生的明確理由。或許可以說，任何社會機構的價值衡量尺度是它在豐富和提升經驗方面所起到的作用，但這種作用并非是它原來動機的一部分。例如，為了保證從推翻強權中得到的好處，避免邪惡勢力的影響，宗教團體出現了;為了滿足人們的食欲，保持家庭穩固，家庭生活開始了。成體系的勞動制度，很大程度上也是由于奴役他人產生的。慢慢的，社會機構的這種副產品才被人們注意到，而要把它作為機構運行的指導性因素，則更加緩慢得多。即使今天，在我們的工業化生活里，人類工作是在各種人際關系中進行的。但是除了某些價值觀如勤奮、節儉，人們對其他人際關系形式在智力和情感方面的反應的關注，與物質成果比起來少了太多太多。

　　但在與年輕人交往時，人際關系本身就是人類現實的這一事實非常重要。我們很容易忽略在接觸中我們的行為對他們性格的影響，但是在與成年人交往時，這種影響是不容易被忽略的。培訓的必要性太明顯了。讓他們改變態度和習慣的任務太緊迫了，以致于不能完全不考慮這些后果。既然我們與年輕人交往的主要目的是讓他們也能夠分享日常生活中的一切，我們不禁要考慮：我們是否正在形成一種力量來確保他們的這種能力。如果人類在“每個機構的最終價值是它對人類的影響”這一認識上的有所進步的話，我們完全可以相信這些進步很大程度上都是在與年輕人的交往中獲得的。

　　因此，在我們迄今一直在思考的寬泛的教育過程中，我們需要區分出一種更正規的教育方式，即直接的指導或學校教育。在欠發達社會中，我們很少發現正規的教育或培訓。這些群體主要依賴和讓成年人對群體保持忠誠同樣的關系，來給年輕人灌輸所需要的性情。

　　46.It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.

　　【結構分析】

　　It may be said��that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; ��but this effect is not a part of its original motive.

　　這是一個并列復合句。It may be said that 是一個固定句型，用來引出主語從句;that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience 是主語從句的內容，為主系表結構，其中in enlarging and improving experience是介詞短語作定語，修飾effect ; 句子but this effect is not a part of its original motive是主系表結構的簡單句，用but體現與前面的轉接關系。

　　【詞義推敲】

　　measure 尺度，標準

　　motive 動機

　　【翻譯潤色】

　　It may be said或許可以說

　　that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience 任何社會機構的價值衡量尺度是它在豐富和提升經驗方面所起到的作用

　　but this effect is not a part of its original motive 但是這種影響并不是它原來的動機的一部分。

　　【參考譯文】

　　或許可以說，任何社會機構的價值衡量尺度是它在豐富和提升經驗方面所起到的作用，但這種作用并非是它原來的動機的一部分。