1997年Passage 3

Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase "substance abuse" is often used instead of "drug abuse" to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.

We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.

Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning "mind-manifesting") because they seemed to radically alter one's state of consciousness.

59. "Substance abuse" (Line 5, Paragraph 1) is preferable to "drug abuse" in that _____.
[A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used
[B] "drug abuse" is only related to a limited number of drug takers
[C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine
[D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous

[答案] D

[解題思路]

第一段第三句至最后一句指出"They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase "substance abuse" is often used instead of "drug abuse" to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine"（他們沒有意識到諸如酒精、煙草這些我們熟悉的物質也都是藥物。這也就是為什么現在許多醫生和心理學家使用"物質"這個更加中性的詞的原因。他們常用"物質濫用"而不用"藥物濫用"來清楚表明濫用酒精、煙草這樣的物質與濫用海洛因和可卡因一樣有害），因此用"Substance abuse"比"drug abuse"更好的原因在于如果人們也濫用酒精和煙草等物質，與毒品一樣是有害的，因此D為正確選項。C選項的錯誤在于alcohol和tabacco只是例子，且文章沒有提及它們是否fatal。而A和B選項都不符合題意。

[題目譯文]

使用"物質濫用"（第一段第五行）這個詞語比"藥物濫用"更合適是因為         。
[A] 物質如果非常使用會改變我們的身體和心理機能
[B] "藥物濫用"只與少數吸毒者有關
[C] 酒精和煙草與海洛因和可卡因具有一樣的致命性
[D] 除了海洛因和可卡因之外，還有很多物質也有毒性

61. Physical dependence on certain substances results from _____.
[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time
[B] exclusive use of them for social purposes
[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases
[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms

[答案] A

[解題思路]

本題可定位于文章第二段的倒數第二句話"Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence"（反復使用一種物質可以導致上癮），顯然A為正確答案。B選項的情況有一定干擾性，但與原文意思有所不同。而C、D都不是題干中"Physical dependence on certain substances"的原因。

[題目譯文]

對于某些物質的心理依賴是由于           。
[A] 長時間對于這些物質的無節制使用
[B] 專為社交目的使用這些物質
[C] 將這些物質大量應用于疾病治療
[D] 隨意用它們來消除難受的癥狀