By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideals of representative government, careers 4 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. 6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 7 set of laws.

On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the church, 9 , there was less agreement 10 the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one 11 by the Spanish crown. 12 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13 the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the 14 of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying 15 for the conservative forces.

The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had 16 in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s 17 colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18 because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 19 . Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20 self-rule and democracy.

1. ［A］ natives［B］ inhabitants［C］ peoples［D］ individuals

2. ［A］ confusedly［B］ cheerfully［C］ worriedly［D］ hopefully

3. ［A］ shared［B］ forgot［C］ attained［D］ rejected

4. ［A］ related［B］ close［C］ open［D］ devoted

5. ［A］ access［B］ succession ［C］ right［D］ return

6. ［A］ Presumable ［B］ Incidentally［C］ Obviously［D］ Generally

7. ［A］ unique［B］ common［C］ particular［D］ typical

8. ［A］ freedom［B］ origin［C］ impact［D］ reform

9. ［A］ therefore［B］ however［C］ indeed［D］ moreover

10. ［A］ with［B］ about［C］ among［D］ by

11. ［A］ allowed［B］ preached［C］ granted［D］ funded

12. ［A］ Since［B］ If［C］ Unless［D］ While

13. ［A］ as［B］ for［C］ under［D］ against

14. ［A］ spread［B］ interference［C］ exclusion［D］ influence

15. ［A］ support［B］ cry［C］ plea［D］ wish

16. ［A］ urged［B］ intended［C］ expected［D］ promised

17. ［A］ controlling［B］ former［C］ remaining［D］ original

18. ［A］ slower［B］ faster［C］ easier［D］ tougher

19. ［A］ created［B］ produced［C］ contributed［D］ preferred

20. ［A］ puzzled by［B］ hostile to［C］ pessimistic about［D］ unprepared for

文章背景

本文主要介紹了西班牙和葡萄牙的殖民地在獲得獨立后在政治宗教以及信念各個方面對未來的展望。雖然他們的領導人擁有共同的信念，即建立一個獨立自主的國家，同時在經濟上能夠養活自己的國民，但在宗教自由以及教會的地位問題上，領導階層之間的意見就不那么一致了。

文章結構

第一段：主要從政治方面進行敘述

By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations loved 2 to the future. （總述）

many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideals…（分述）

6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states…（分述）

第二段：主要從宗教方面進行敘述

On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the church, 9 , there was less…

第二段：主要從殖民地領導人的理想方面敘述

On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the church, 9 , there was less…