四、寫作B部分的主要寫作方法

　　(一)主題句的寫法

　　1.主題句的特點

　　主題句是全段的核心。它由中心詞和限定詞兩部分組成。中心詞說明討論的主題(topic)是什么，限定詞是把主題具體化，它限定討論的內容，范圍和展開方式等。例如：

　　The first key factor to success is diligence， (what) which simply means no waste of time.

　　主題 限定詞 限定詞

　　I think you will make the decision according to the following factors.(how)

　　主題 限定詞

　　考生可通過回答How?Why? Where? What?等問題來把主題具體化，選定限定詞。主題句的展開通常會出現如下問題：

　　(1)過于空洞。只給出主題，未指出寫作內容和展開方式。如：

　　The relationship is not good.此句可以通過回答what kind of relationships，to what extent等問題將之具體化。可改為：The relationship between family members is not as close as before.這樣主題句限定了關系的范圍，文章后面的開展方式——側重于現在關系的不好，又可以用對比的方式展開。再如：

　　Clothes play a part in our life.此句沒有限定寫作的大體內容或方式，(是衣服的時尚性，還是實用性)，讀者不能預測下文的展開方向。通過回答“how”這樣的問題，我們可將主題句具體化。改為：Clothes play a critical part in the conclusions we reach by providing clues to who people are。修改后的句子點出了文章的寫作內容——根據服裝，可以判斷人。

　　(2)過于具體。太具體的主題句使段落后面沒有展開的余地。如：

　　He thought highly of her and helped her to find jobs of teaching at several institutions.

　　這種敘述性的句子，對事實的陳述過于詳盡，不適合做主題句。

　　2.主題句的位置

　　(1)位于段首，也就是開門見山。把主旨放在段首，使讀者對文章內容、結構等有個把握。在應試中，這是十分行之有效的方法。如：

　　From the health point of view we are living in a marvelous age. We are immunized from birth against many of the dangerous diseases. A large number of once fatal illnesses can now be cured by modern drugs and surgery. It is almost certain that one day remedies will be found for the most stubborn remaining diseases. The expectation of life has increased enormously.

　　段首主題句清晰地點出本段的中心思想，后面從對疾病的免疫、治療，及對疾病的攻克三個方面說明健康醫療狀況良好。讀者只看段首就可抓住段落主旨。

　　(2)位于段中。主題句出現在中間，起到承上啟下的作用，上文引出背景，下文可以用于分析。如：

　　Before China’s entry into the WTO，the common people were optimistic about what access would mean，believing that if joining were not beneficial，the government would not have spent 15 years negotiating for its entry. They were perhaps thinking that when the day came，the price of phone calls would be lower，and also house rents and that insurance services would be better. But they neglect the prospect of unemployment and other domestic crisis.Since China joined the WTO，some people，owing to advanced age and limited experience，may find it difficult to keep their work.

　　文章開始鋪墊了一個對待入世的積極的期待，而中間的主題句將文風一轉，引出主旨：入世帶來的消極方面。然后文章從失業開始進一步展開論證。

　　(3)位于段末。主題句位于段末，既可以點題，也可以總結上文，給讀者留下深刻的印象。如：

　　Ms. Yang，aged 50，works as a cleaner in an office building，and her annual income is about 20 000 yuan.She has signed up for an English language training course，the cost of which is much more than her annual income. Why English? English-based success stories have indicated to the Chinese that English means opportunities，wealth，and prospects.

　　本文先舉了楊女士花錢學英語的例子，然后引出問題：為什么要花如此高價學習英語。段末給出結論，點出學習英語的重要性。結尾點題，給人以深刻的印象。