(三)文章開頭與結尾的寫作方法

　　1.文章開頭的寫法

　　(1)引言法

　　在文章開頭引用具有代表性的名人名言，既可吸引讀者，又可以點題。如：

　　“Be the first to be concerned with the world’s troubles and the last to enjoy worldly happiness.”Fan Zhongyan，a scholar of the Song Dynasty，expresses eloquently the lofty spirit of Chinese intellectuals in his maxim. On realizing that the cause of China’s lack of development was its backwardness in science and technology，many modern scholars accordingly went to Western countries to study.

　　本段以“先天下之憂而憂，后天下之樂而樂”引出主旨，給人以深刻的印象。

　　(2)提問法

　　如： Why are foreigners so glad that barriers have been dismantled? China has a population of 1.2 billion，and US $1 000 billion of GDP. It is a country with one of the fastest economic growth rates in the world. China’s entry into the WTO will therefore enable all economic entities in the world to expand trade and investment，bringing benefits to enterprises，consumers and workers in these countries.

　　(3)數據引用

　　引用恰當的數據，使文章開頭簡潔、有力。對于表格式作文，常從描述、分析表格入手。如：

　　It is reported that from 1995 to 1998，the number of cars in Shanghai rose at the rate of 20%，but the average speed of cars dropped at the rate of 30%. It should be noticed that 43% of added cars during the period of 1995～1998 is private cars. Therefore some people point out that the most effective way to solve the traffic problem is to ban private cars. But I think they have gone extremely far away.

　　本段通過引用數據對私車增多及車速下降這一現象進行了詳細的描述。通過分析，作者自然地引出觀點：完全禁止私車是偏激的做法。

　　(4)概要法

　　開門見山，首先提出文章的主要觀點，然后通過舉例或邏輯推理等方法加以詳述。如：

　　This report is divided into three main sections： what equipment you need，how to use equipment，and how to maintain equipment.

　　2.文章結尾的寫法

　　(1)總結法

　　總結式結尾的作用在于回顧全文、突出中心，使讀者對文章形成一個整體的把握。要想寫好總結式結尾，就要求文章內容本身重點突出、中心明確，這樣回顧起來才有點可抓。在寫總結式結尾時，對于論證中提到的要點應該點到為止，而重在重申論點。如：

　　On the whole，life in China has become better after 30 years，Ordinary people now enjoy a more colorful life than before. Though some problems have arisen in the progress，we still can’t deny this positive trend.

　　(2)建議法

　　針對文章前面的分析，提出相對應的號召或解決方案，表示對將來的期待或鼓動大家采取相應的行動。如：

　　It is essential that effective measures should be taken to redress such inequality.

　　It is high time that we should urge an immediate end to this phenomenon.

　　(3)反問法

　　在末尾加上反問，可使文章引人思考。如：

　　Psychological health of the youth should be concerned by our society. On being advised by his school that he should leave after failing several exams，a Beijing university student decided to commit suicide，but first killed his father and grandmother so as to spare their grief at his own death. A 13-year-old Sichuan Province girl ran away from home recently in pursuit of her favorite movie star，and has not been seen since. Isn’t there anything wrong with psychological health of the youth?

　　用反問句加深主題：年輕人的心理健康有些問題，應該得到更多關注。

　　(4)引語法

　　用引語歸結全文，有畫龍點睛的作用，使文章既生動，又有說服力。如：

　　All of us wish for a bright future and hope to master a useful career. Those who persist in remaining idle will never fulfill their ambitions， “No pains，no gains” is a motto with much meaning. Meditate and live by it.

　　以“不勞不得”做總結，很好地歸納了上文，給人以警示。

　　(5)首尾呼應法

　　在首尾兩處點題，可以使段落的中心突出。如：

　　China’s reforms have brought China a lot of benefits and have changed Chinese people’s life a great deal. A lively atmosphere has prevailed in all walks of fields throughout the country. The national economy has been thriving and national defense has ever been consolidated. In science and technology，quite a lot of achievements have been made. Certainly，the progress made in all fields has led to the raise of living standard for Chinese people.

　　首尾均強調了一系列有利于社會進步的改革給中國人的生活帶來的改變，重點突出。