補充語法知識：名詞性從句

　　名詞性從句是由if, whether, that 和各種疑問詞充當連接詞所引導的從句，其功同名詞一樣。

　　一.主語從句

　　主語從句是在復合句中充當主語的從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞之前或由形式主語it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。

　　1. It 作形式主語和it引導強調句的比較

　　It 作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結構，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導的強調句則是對句子某一部分進行強調，無論強調的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強調部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：

　　1).It is a pity that you didn't go to see the film.

　　2).It doesn't interest me whether you succeed or not.

　　3).It is in the morning that the murder took place.

　　4).It is John that broke the window.

　　必背

　　用形式主語it引導的主語從句相當多，有些已形成固定的語法和譯法。常見的有：

　　It is said that... 據說…… It is reported that... 據報導……

　　It is well known that... 眾所周知…… It is announced that... 據宣布……

　　It is believed that... 人們相信…… It is thought that... 人們認為……

　　It is understood that... 自不待言…… It must be pointed out that... 必須指出……

　　It must be admitted that... 必須承認……

　　2.主語從句的語序

　　主語從句要求使用陳述句語序，而非一般疑問句語序。如：

　　What surprised me most was that the little girl could play the violin so well.

　　使我感到驚訝的是這個小女孩的小提琴拉得太好了。

　　How he was successful is still a puzzle.

　　他是如何成功的仍然是個謎。

　　3. 連接詞的選用

　　(1)that和what的選用

　　that和what都可引導主語從句。what除起連接作用外，還在名詞性從句中充當某些成分，可作從句的主語、賓語或表語。而that在名詞性從句中不充當任何成分，無詞義，只起連接詞作用。如：

　　What he wants is a book. 他想要的是一本書。

　　That light travels in straight lines is known to all. 眾所周知，光線沿直線運行。

　　(2)if和whether的選用

　　引導主語從句，不能用if，只能用whether。如：

　　Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.

　　我們明天是否在戶外開晚會要看天氣而定。

　　(3)其它連接代詞和副詞的選用

　　根據主語從句的具體意義，正確的選擇who, which, when, where, why, how等連接詞，這些連接詞既有疑問含義，又起連接作用，同時在從句中充當各種成分。如：

　　When we shall hold our sports meet is not decided. 我們何時舉行運動會還沒有決定。

　　Who broke the glass yesterday is not clear. 還不清楚昨天誰打破了玻璃。

　　Which car you will choose to buy makes no difference. 你決定買哪一輛車都不會有任何區別。

　　二.賓語從句

　　在復合句中用作賓語的從句叫做賓語從句。

　　1. 賓語從句常由that引導，在口語中常省略。當主句中謂語動詞是現在或將來時態時，從句中謂語動詞不受主句中謂語動詞時態的影響，按需要可以使用任何時態。如：

　　She says (that) she works from Monday to Friday. 從句是一般現在時

　　She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk. 從句是一般將來時

　　當主句謂語是過去時態，從句中的時態一般用表示過去的某種時態。如：

　　He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon. 從句是一般過去時

　　He said (that) he was going to take care of the baby. 從句是過去將來時

　　He said (that) they were having a meeting at that time. 從句是過去進行時

　　當主句謂語是過去時態，而賓語從句敘述某一客觀真理(事實)時，賓語從句的時態則用一般現在時。如：

　　The teacher told us(that) nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.

　　老師告訴我們世上無難事只怕有心人。

　　He said that light travels much faster than sound. 他說光傳播比聲音傳播快得多。

　　2. 否定轉移

　　1) 將think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等動詞后面賓語從句的否定詞轉移到主句中，即主句的謂語動詞用否定式，而從句的謂語動詞用肯定式。

　　I don't think I know you.　我想我并不認識你。

　　I don't believe he will come.　我相信他不回來。

　　注意：若謂語動詞為hope,賓語從句中的否定詞不能轉移。

　　I hope you weren't ill. 我想你沒有生病吧。

　　2) 將seem, appear 等后的從句的否定轉移到前面。

　　It doesn't seem that they know where to go.看來他們不知道往哪去。

　　It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. 看來我們明天不會碰上好天氣。

　　三.表語從句

　　表語從句在復合句中作表語的名詞性從句，放在系動詞之后，一般結構是“主語+連系動詞+表語從句”。可以接表語從句的連系動詞有be, look, remain, seem等。引導表語從句的that常可省略。另外，常用的還有the reason is that… 和It is because 等結構。例如：

　　1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.

　　2) This is why we can't get the support of the people.

　　3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.

　　4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.

　　四. 同位語從句

　　同位語從句就是在復合句中作名詞的同位語的名詞性從句。

　　1.同位語從句的功能

　　同位語從句對于名詞進一步解釋，說明名詞的具體內容，一般由that引導，例如：

　　1) The king's decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.

　　2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.

　　2.同位語從句與定語從句的區別

　　(1) 定語從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時以在從句中作某個成分(主語或賓語)，而同位語從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當句中任何成分。

　　(2) 定語從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對先行詞加以限定，描述定的性質或特征;同位語從句是名詞性的，其功能是對名詞進行補充說明。例如：

　　1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.(他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國。)(第一個that引導的從句是定語從句，that在從句中作賓語)

　　2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.(湯姆將出國的消息是他講的。)(同位語從句，that在句中不作任何成分)　　Key words and phrases

　　1.warning: n 警告，warn : v 警告，warn sb not to do sth; give sb a warning

　　2.shift: v/n 替換，轉移，改變，轉變，輪班

　　1).There has been a shift in fashion from formal to more informal dress.

　　2).The wind shifted from east to north.

　　3).She works the day shift and her husband works the night shift.

　　3.speculate: v 思索、推測，speculate on/upon/about sth, speculation: n, speculator: n

　　4.datum: n 資料、數據，復數形式：data; 又如：bacterium: 細菌，bacteria;

　　medium, media.

　　5.reliability: n 可靠性，reliable: a 可靠的， unreliable: a 不可靠的

　　6.partial: a 偏袒的，部分的，be partial to sb.

　　7.up-to-date: a 最新的，out of date: 過時的，to date: 至今

　　1).Will long dress go out of date next year?

　　2).To date, we have not received any replies from him.

　　3).She always wears clothes that are right up to date.

　　8.analyze: v 分析，analysis: n， 復數形式：analyses.

　　9.work on:從事…; 對…有影響

　　1).The scientist has been working on environmental protection for many years.

　　2).The sufferings of the poor worked on our feelings so much that we gave them all the help we could.

　　10.set sth up:設立、建立、提出

　　1).A statue was set up in the center of the city.

　　2).Many countries agreed to set up an international organization to keep peace.

　　3).Einstein set up many important theories.

　　Analyze the difficult sentences:

　　1.Scientists are working on program to predict where and when an earthquake will occur.(P1)

　　翻譯：科學家們正致力于研究預報地震何時何地發生的計劃。

　　分析：Scientists are working on program是句子的主體部分，to predict where and when an earthquake will occur是動詞不定式做定語，修飾program.其中，where and when an earthquake will occur是動詞predict的賓語從句，注意疑問句的語序。詞組：work on:從事…，對…有影響，如：

　　The sufferings of the poor worked on our feelings so much that we gave them all the help we could.

　　2.They hope to develop an early warning system that can be used to forecast earthquakes so that living can be saved.(P1)

　　翻譯：他們希望研究出一種早期警報系統，用來預報地震，以挽救人們的生命。

　　分析：該句中that引導的定語從句修飾an early warning system，另外，so that引導目的狀語從句。注意，情態動詞的被動語態在這句話中的用法。

　　3.Two of the biggest earthquakes that were ever recorded took place in China and Alaska.(P2)

　　翻譯：有記載的兩次最大的地震發生在中國和阿拉斯加。

　　分析：主語Two of the biggest earthquakes，謂語took place。該句考點，形容詞最高級，the biggest; that were ever recorded是定語從句;were recorded表示“被記錄”;詞組：take place發生、舉行，請注意：該詞無被動語態。如：

　　Great changes have taken place in Beijing in recent years.

　　4.The nations that are actively involved in earthquake prediction programs include Japan, …..(P4)

　　翻譯：積極參與地震預報研究的國家包括日本…。

　　分析：該句考點，詞組be involved in sth參與…;或be actively involved in sth積極地參與…如：All the countries in the world should be actively involved in protecting the environment.

　　5.These networks are on the alert for warning signs that show the weakening of rock layers that can precede an earthquake.(P4)

　　翻譯：這些網絡一直處于戒備狀態，搜索著警告的跡象，這些跡象顯示出在地震前可能發生巖層松動狀況。

　　分析：這句話的主干是These networks are on the alert for warning signs，它后面是兩個套在一起的定語從句，均是由that引導的，第一個修飾warning signs;第二個修飾the weakening of rock layers。詞組：on the alert: 警戒、防備著…如：

　　Passengers on buses should be on the alert against pick-pockets.

　　6.They watch for changes in the water level and temperature that are associated with movement along faults.(P4)

　　翻譯：他們密切注意與斷層運動有關的水位和水溫的變化。

　　分析：詞組：watch for密切注意…;be associated with同…有關系。

　　7.Everyone agrees that earthquakes cannot be predicted with any reliability.(P6)

　　翻譯：人們都認為不可能可靠地預報地震。

　　分析：that引導的是賓語從句，其中cannot be 不可能，表示推測語氣;with any reliability帶有任何可能性。

　　8.While this is a small start, it is still a beginning.(p6)

　　翻譯：盡管這是一個小的開端，但畢竟只是處于初始階段。

　　分析：本句中的while意思是“盡管，雖然”，引導讓步狀語從句。請看下面的句子，區分while含義：

　　1).While I was walking along the street, I met an E.T.

　　2).I like watching TV while my husband likes playing chess in the spare time.

　　3).While he has tries several times, he still fails again.

　　Grammar: 倒裝句

　　英語中主語在前,謂語在后的語序稱為自然語序。

　　由于語法、修辭的需要謂語置于主語之前，稱為全部倒裝;助動詞、情態動詞等移到主語之前而主要動詞仍然在主語之后的，稱作半倒裝.全部倒裝和半倒裝的句子統稱倒裝句。

　　倒裝句之全部倒裝

　　全部倒裝是只將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前。此結構通常只用與一般現在時和　一般過去時。常見的結構有：

　　1) here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語動詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。

　　There goes the bell.

　　Then came the chairman.

　　Here is your letter.

　　2) 表示運動方向的副詞或地點狀語置于句首，謂語表示運動的動詞。

　　In the front of the classroom stands our English teacher.

　　Ahead sat an old woman.注意：上述全部倒裝的句型結構的主語必須是名詞，如果主語是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。

　　Here he comes.　Away they went.

　　倒裝句之部分倒裝

　　部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態倒裝至主語之前。如果句中的謂語沒有助動詞或情態動詞，則需添加助動詞do, does或did，并將其置于主語之前。

　　1)句首為否定或半否定的詞語，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。

　　Never have I seen such a performance.

　　Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.

　　Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.

　　當Not until引出主從復合句，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。

　　注意： 如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。

　　I have never seen such a performance.

　　The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.

　　典型例題

　　1)　Why can't I smoke here? 　　At no time___ in the meeting-room

　　A.is smoking permitted　　 B.　smoking is permitted

　　C.smoking is it permitted　 D.　does smoking permit

　　答案A.這是一個倒裝問題。當否定詞語置于句首以表示強調時，其句中的主謂須用倒裝結構。 這些否定詞包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本題的正常語序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.

　　2) Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.

　　A.man did know　 B.man know　 C.didn't man know　 D.did man know

　　答案D.　 看到Not until…的句型，我們知道為一倒裝句，答案在C，D 中選一個。

　　改寫為正常語序為，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th.現在將not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否則意思就變了。

　　以否定詞開頭作部分倒裝

　　如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than

　　1).Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.

　　2).Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.

　　3).No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.

　　so, neither, nor作部分倒裝

　　表示'也'、'也不' 的句子要部分倒裝。

　　Tom can speak French.So can Jack.

　　If you won't go, neither will I.

　　典型例題

　　---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?

　　---I don't know, _____.

　　A.nor don't I care　　B.nor do I care　　C.I don't care neither　　D.I don't care also

　　答案：B.nor為增補意思'也不關心'，因此句子應倒裝。A錯在用 don't 再次否定， C neither 用法不對且缺乏連詞。 D缺乏連詞。

　　注意： 當so引出的句子用以對上文內容加以證實或肯定時，不可用倒裝結構。意為'的確如此'。

　　Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.

　　---It's raining hard.　　　---So it is.

　　only在句首要倒裝的情況

　　Only in this way can you learn English well.

　　Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.

　　如果句子為主從復合句，則主句倒裝，從句不倒裝

　　Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.

　　as, though 引導的倒裝句

　　as / though引導的讓步從句必須將表語或狀語提前 (形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實義動詞提前)。

　　注意： 1) 句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。 2) 句首是實義動詞, 其他助動詞放在主語后。如果實義動詞有賓語和狀語,　 隨實義動詞一起放在主語之前。

　　Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.

　　注意: 讓步狀語從句中，有though，although時，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可連用。

　　其他部分倒裝

　　1)so… that 句型中的so 位于句首時，需倒裝。

　　So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.

　　2)在某些表示祝愿的句型中：

　　May you all be happy.

　　3)在虛擬語氣條件句中從句謂語動詞有were, had, should等詞，可將if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主語之前，采取部分倒裝。

　　Were I you, I would try it again.

　　典型例題

　　1)Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is

　　A.man did know　 B.man knew　 C.didn't man know　 D.did man know

　　答案為D.　否定詞Not在句首，要求用部分倒裝的句子結構。

　　2)Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.

　　A.didn't I realize　　B.did I realize　　C.I didn't realize　D.I realize

　　答案為B。

　　3)Do you know Tom bought a new car? 　I don't know, ___.

　　A.nor don't I care　 B.nor do I care　C.I don't care neither　D.I don't care also

　　解析：答案為B.　句中的nor引出部分倒裝結構，表示'也不'。由 so, neither, nor引導的倒裝句，表示前一情況的重復出現。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。

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