02.1

　　Sporting activities are essentially modified forms of hunting

　　behavior. Viewing biologically, the modern footballer is revealed as a S1.________

　　member of a disguised hunting pack. His killing weapon has turned into

　　a harmless football and his prey into a goal-mouth. If his aim is inaccurate S2.________

　　and he scores a goal, enjoys the hunter's triumph of killing his prey. S3._________

　　To understand how this transformation has taken place we

　　must briefly look up at our ancient ancestors. They spent over a S4.________

　　million year evolving as co-operative hunters. Their very survival S5._______

　　depended on success in the hunting-field. Under this pressure their whole

　　way of life, even if their bodies, became radically changed. They became S6.________

　　chasers, runners, jumpers, aimers, throwers and prey-killers.

　　They co-operate as skillful male-group attackers. S7.________

　　Then, about ten thousand years ago, when this immensely long S8.________

　　formative period of hunting for food, they became farmers. Their

　　improved intelligence, so vital to their old hunting life, were put to a new S9._______

　　use-that of penning ( 把……關在圈中), controlling and domesticating

　　their prey. The food was there on the farms, awaiting their needs. The

　　risks and uncertainties of farming were no longer essential for survival. S10._______

　　02.6

　　A great many cities are experiencing difficulties which

　　are nothing new in the history of cities, except in their scale.

　　Some cities have lost their original purpose and have not found

　　new one. And any large or rich city is going to attract poor S1._________

　　immigrants, who flood in, filling with hopes of prosperity S2._________

　　which are then often disappointing. There are backward towns

　　on the edge of Bombay or Brasilia, just as though there were S3._________

　　on the edge of seventeenth-century London or early nine-

　　teenth-century Paris. This is new is the scale. Descriptions S4._________

　　written by eighteenth-century travelers of the poor of Mexico

　　City, and the enormous contrasts that was to be found there, S5._________

　　are very dissimilar to descriptions of Mexico City today - the S6._________

　　poor can still be numbered in millions.

　　The whole monstrous growth rests on economic prosperity,

　　but behind it lies two myths: the myth of the city as a S7._________

　　promised land, that attracts immigrants from rural poverty S8._________

　　and brings it flooding into city centers, and the myth of the S9._________

　　country as a Garden of Eden, which, a few generations late, S10._________

　　sends them flooding out again to the suburbs.