六、疑問代詞
疑問代詞用來構(gòu)成特殊疑問句,其中who(whom/whose)指人,what指物,which指選擇對象。
例句: Whats the difference between love and fondness or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? (選自2007年Text 2)
分析: 該句是由or連接的兩個簡單句(特殊疑問句)。
譯文: 愛情與喜歡有什么區(qū)別,幸運和巧合的本質(zhì)是什么?
七、關(guān)系代詞
關(guān)系代詞包括who(whom,whose),that和which。that只能引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句,其他關(guān)系代詞既可引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句也可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,具體用法詳見定語從句一節(jié)。
八、不定代詞
(一)both,all
1. both用于兩者,all用于三者及三者以上,其后接名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù),在句中可作主語、賓語、定語和同位語。
例句: Similar elements in the prehistoric remains from both areas suggest that Indians and their neighbors had maintained distant but real connections even before 1,500 BC.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,suggest是主句的謂語動詞,that Indians and their neighbors...是一個賓語從句。
譯文: 來自兩個地區(qū)的史前遺跡中的類似成分表明: 印度人和他們的鄰居甚至在公元前1500年前就維持著遙遠但真實的聯(lián)系。
例句: In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the farreaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. (2000年第74題)
分析: 該句是并列復(fù)合句,whereas連接兩個并列分句,其中前一個分句的主句部分為the process of industrialization was spread over nearly a century,而介詞短語with...為主語補足語,定語從句that followed修飾changes。
譯文: 在早先實現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的歐洲國家中,其工業(yè)化進程以及隨之而來的對社會結(jié)構(gòu)有深遠影響的變革延續(xù)了將近一個世紀,而現(xiàn)如今,一個發(fā)展中國家只用十年左右的時間就可以經(jīng)歷同樣的過程。
2. all作代詞時,其后謂語動詞可以是單數(shù)也可以是復(fù)數(shù)。
例句: All the information we have collected in relation to that case adds up to very little.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中主干部分是All the information...adds up to very little,we have collected in relation to that case 是修飾the information的定語從句。
譯文: 我們搜集到的與那件事有關(guān)的所有信息都是沒有意義的。
例句: All but he and I are going to attend the meeting.
譯文: 除了我和他之外,所有人都去開會了。
3. both,all,every和not連用時表示部分否定。
例句 :But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system(the“emotional brain”) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. (選自2005年Text 3)
分析: 該句是由分號及while連接的并列句,分號相當(dāng)于連詞and,not all...表示部分否定。
譯文: 但并不是大腦的所有部分都參與活動,控制情緒的大腦部位異;钴S,然而控制智力和推理能力的前額皮質(zhì)卻相對平靜。
例句: Not everyone sees that process in perspective. (選自2002年Use of English)
分析: 該句是簡單句。
譯文: 不是每個人都能正確看待這個過程。
(二)either, neither, any, each, none, every, some
1. either和neither是一對反義詞,表示“兩者中任何一個都(不)”,作名詞或形容詞。
用法為:
either (neither) of the+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+動詞單數(shù)
either (neither)+單數(shù)名詞+動詞單數(shù)
如:Either/Neither of these stories (either/neither story) he told us is as attractive and instructive as that one.
例句: Neither kind of sleep is at all wellunderstood, but REM (rapid eye movements) sleep is assumed to serve some restorative function of the brain.
分析: 該句是并列句。
譯文: 人們對這兩種睡眠都沒有完全了解,但認為快速眼動睡眠有使大腦恢復(fù)的功能。
2. either指兩者中的任何一個,僅限兩者,而each用于兩者以上;either和both可互換使用,但both強調(diào)整體。
例句: The relationship between Latin American music and black music in the United States is evident in the unaccented beats that are common to either/both.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,定語從句that are common to either/both修飾beats。
譯文: 拉丁美洲音樂同美國黑人音樂的關(guān)系明顯地表現(xiàn)在這兩種音樂各自存在著無重音 節(jié)拍這一共同點上。
例句: We also expect each place to be appropriate to its use.
分析: 該句是簡單句。
譯文: 我們也希望每個地方都恰如其分。
3. any和none是一對反義詞,表示“三者或三者以上中的任何一個都(不)”,其后謂語動詞 的單復(fù)數(shù)參看例句。
例句: Although Professor Greens lectures usually run over the fiftyminute period, none of his students ever object(s)as they find his lectures both informative and interesting.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。
譯文: 雖然格林教授的課通常超過規(guī)定的50分鐘,但他的學(xué)生從無一人表示反對,因為他們發(fā)現(xiàn)格林的課既富有知識性又有趣。
例句: If any man here does not agree with me, he should put forward his own plan of improving the living conditions of these people.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。
譯文: 如果在座的有人不贊成我的觀點,那么他就應(yīng)該提出他自己的改善這些人生活條件的方案。
4. any和some的主要區(qū)別在于any用于否定句、條件句和疑問句;some用于肯定句,表示期待對方的肯定答復(fù)或以問句形式向?qū)Ψ教岢鲆蠡蜓垺?/P>
例句: He has failed me so many times that I no longer place any reliance on what he promises. (1997年第23題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。
譯文: 他多次辜負了我的期望,以至于我不再相信他作出的任何承諾。
例句: The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. (選自2008年Use of English)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分是The idea is one of those hypotheses。that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others是idea的同位語從句,that dare not speak its name是hypotheses的定語從句。
譯文: 認為某些群體的智商要高于其他群體是一個無人敢說出來的假想。
5. every只能用作形容詞,everyone指人,而every one既可以指物也可以指人。
例句: Without telephone it would be impossible to carry on the functions of practically every business operation in the whole country. (1998年第32題)
分析: 該句是簡單句,本句隱含了一個與現(xiàn)在情況相反的虛擬語氣,Without telephone相 當(dāng)于if there were no telephone。
譯文: 如果沒有電話,全國幾乎所有的商業(yè)運作都不可能正常進行。
例句: There is an incorrect assumption among scientists and medical people that everyone agrees on what constitutes a benefit to an individual.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that everyone agrees on...作assumption的同位語從句,what constitutes a benefit to an individual作介詞on的賓語。
譯文: 科學(xué)家和醫(yī)務(wù)人員普遍持有一種不正確的假設(shè),即:人們在什么構(gòu)成了個人利益問題上意見一致。
(三)one,the other和another
1. 兩者中一個用one表示,另一個用the other表示,不定數(shù)目中的另一個用another表示。
例句: However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior became markedly different. (選自2005年Text 1)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句部分為their behavior became markedly different。 when引 導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中又插入了so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句,從句中what the other...作observe的賓語。
譯文: 但是當(dāng)兩只猴子被放在隔開但相鄰的兩個房間中,而且每只猴子還能看到對方用巖石交換了什么物品之后,他們的行為就發(fā)生了巨大變化。
例句: We had a party last month, and it was a lot of fun, so lets have another one this month.
分析: 該句是并列句。
譯文: 上個月我們舉行了一場晚會,很有意思。因此,我們這個月再舉行一場類似的晚會吧。
2. 表示三者并對三者加以說明。
表達方法如下:
one...another...and the other
one...a second...and the third
例句: I have three sisters, one is a nurse, another (a second) is a teacher, and the other (and the third) is a doctor.
注: 表示四者并對四者都加以說明的表達方式是:one...another...a third...and the fourth (the other)...。
3. One作代詞時,前用形容詞或the,this,that,which,any,some,each,every等來修飾,另有one of the+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+單數(shù)動詞。
例句: That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. (選自2006年Text 3)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,means后的賓語從句省略了連接代詞that,what is in the sea作介詞 of的賓語,so引導(dǎo)的另一個分句中的the one代替前面的名詞difference,分詞短語recorded by...作后置定語修飾the one。
譯文: 這意味著更高比例的海洋物種正在被捕撈,因此現(xiàn)在和過去的真正差異可能比根據(jù)漁獲量的變化所記錄的更糟糕。
例句: One of the responsibilities of the Coast Guard is to make sure that all ships dutifully follow traffic rules in busy harbors. (2001年第13題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,從句that all ships...harbors作make sure的賓語。
譯文: 海岸警衛(wèi)隊的責(zé)任之一就是確保所有船只在繁忙的港口嚴格遵守航運規(guī)則。
注意: that和one都可用來代表句子前面部分中的名詞以避免重復(fù): one指代可數(shù)名詞, 為不確定指代,其復(fù)數(shù)形式為ones;that指代可數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞,為確定指代,其復(fù)數(shù)形式為those。
例句: No bread eaten by man is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.
分析: 該句是簡單句,其中that代替前面的bread,分詞短語earned by his own labor作定語修飾that。
譯文: 什么面包也不如自己勞動掙得的面包香。
例句: Julia tried to find a good book on physics, but the bookstore she went to yesterday did not have one.
分析: 該句是并列句,其中第二個分句是一個復(fù)合句,she went to yesterday是修飾the bookstore的定語從句。
譯文: 朱麗亞想找一本物理學(xué)方面的好書,但昨天她去的那家書店沒有。
4. another后接單數(shù)名詞,表示的意思是“另一個,又一個(one more);另外的,別的(some other);不同的(a different)”。
例句: Her mother will be back in another moment, and we have to wait for her.
分析: 本句是以and連接的并列句。
譯文: 她媽媽再過一會兒就回來,我們還是等等她吧。
例句: We will visit the History Museum another day.
譯文: 我們改天參觀歷史博物館。
例句: He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport will expire at the end of this month. (1998年第34題)
分析: 該句是由yet連接的并列句。
譯文: 他正計劃再到國外去旅游,但是他的護照這個月底就到期了。
5. other通常接復(fù)數(shù)名詞,在any other,every other, no other,some other,the other,one other后,名詞也可用單數(shù)形式。
例句: As far as I am concerned, his politics are rather conservative compared with other politicians. (1997年第19題)
分析: 該句是簡單句,其中As far as I am concerned為插入語,other politicians相當(dāng)于other politicians politics,分詞短語compared with other politicians在句中作狀語表示時間或條件,相當(dāng)于when/if his politics are compared with other politicians。
譯文: 依我看,與其他政治家的政治觀點相比,他的觀點更加保守。
例句: No other book has had a greater influence on my life.
譯文: 任何書對我一生的影響都沒有這本書大。
例句: Wilson found there was only one other guest besides himself.
譯文: 威爾遜發(fā)現(xiàn)除了他自己外只有一個客人。
注意: other與數(shù)目連用時其位置如下:
基數(shù)詞+ other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞;
the other+基數(shù)詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞或the+基數(shù)詞+other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞。
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