(四)few,a few; little,a little
few和a few修飾可數(shù)名詞;little和a little修飾不可數(shù)名詞;a few和a little具有肯定含義;few和little具有否定含義;the few和the little表示肯定含義。
例句: A few premiers are suspicious of any federalprovincial dealmaking.(選自2005年Part B)
分析: 該句是簡單句。
譯文: 一些省督們對由聯(lián)邦政府聯(lián)合各省進行談判的做法心存懷疑。
例句: The roles expected of old people in such a setting give too few psychological satisfactions for normal happiness. (2000年第7題)
分析: 該句是簡單句,其中分詞短語expected of old people在句中作定語修飾the roles。
譯文: 在此情況下,對老年人角色的期望使得他們幾乎無法得到心理上的滿足,也就無法享受正常的幸福生活。
例句: Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, of which obtaining water is not the least.
分析: 該句是復合句,of which obtaining water is...是一個非限制性定語從句修飾 problems,the least是the little的最高級表示肯定意義。
譯文: 居住在澳大利亞沙漠中心有其自身的問題,其中,獲取水是很嚴峻的問題。
例句: They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. (2006年第50題)
分析: 該句是并列復合句,定語從句which involve moral judgment修飾problems,but前后是兩個并列句。
譯文: 他們可以教得很好,而且不僅僅是為了掙薪水,但他們大多數(shù)人卻很少或沒有對需要進行道德判斷的關于人的問題講行獨立思考。
(五)most
most表示大多數(shù)、大部分或最大數(shù)量、最大程度等,作代詞、名詞、形容詞和副詞。
例句:Its hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous:most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. (選自2011年Text 4)
分析:該句是復合句。在主句中,it是形式主語,真正的主語是to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children;在原因狀語從句中,it代表前面提到的to want children;冒號后的內容是對前面內容的解釋。
譯文:很難想象,僅僅因為里斯和安吉麗娜使“生孩子”看起來頗具魅力,很多人就愚蠢地跟風效仿:大多數(shù)成年人都明白撫養(yǎng)孩子并不像理發(fā)那樣簡單。
例句: Most newspapers, while devoting the major part of their space to recent events, usually manage to find room on the inside pages for articles on some interesting topics. (2000年第17題)
分析: 該句是復合句,其中主句為Most newspapers usually manage to find room on the inside pages...topics。從句while后的完整形式應為while they are devoting the major part of their space to recent events。
譯文: 大多數(shù)報紙將主要版面用來報道近期發(fā)生的事件,但通常也會在內頁留出空間刊登一些趣聞。
例句: Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly.
分析: 該句是復合句,that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant在句中充當表語從句,定語從句whose brain is...rapidly修飾the infant。
譯文: 其原因往往是母親對大腦已做好快速學習語言準備的嬰兒所發(fā)出的信號不敏感。
1. 單獨使用時,most前無冠詞。
例句: Some of the people stayed behind, but most went.
分析: most=most people,動詞用復數(shù)。
2. most后帶有限制性定語從句時,前加the。
例句: The most this hall can seat is 1,000.
分析: 這是一個復合句,this hall can seat這個定語從句修飾the most。seat是動詞,意為“為……提供座位”。
譯文: 這個大廳最多能容納一千人。
3. most of the+復數(shù)名詞表示“大多數(shù)……”;most of+形容詞性物主代詞+單數(shù)名詞表示“大部分……”。
例句: Mr.Pollard has visited most of the countries in Europe.
譯文: 波勒德先生已經訪問了歐洲大多數(shù)國家。
例句: Most of her book deals with problems in political economy.
譯文: 她的書大部分都是論述政治經濟方面的問題的。
例句: Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much. (選自1998年Text 2)
分析: 該句是并列復合句,and前一分句中that companies make是一定語從句修飾the changes,后一分句中this指代前面句子的所有內容,冒號后的內容作解釋。
譯文: 此外,公司改革的目的大部分是為了盈利,這種需求并不一定總是能夠提高生產率: 轉入新的市場或改善產品質量也能獲得同樣的效果。
4. most作副詞時構成形容詞或副詞的最高級;在通俗英語中most=very,修飾形容詞或副詞,most與mostly的區(qū)別在于后者作“大部分”講(=for the most part)。
例句: The Eskimo is perhaps one of the most trusting and considerate of all Indians but seems to be indifferent to the welfare of his animals. (2001年第14題)
分析: 該句是簡單句,is與seems to是兩個并列謂語。
譯文: 愛斯基摩人可能是所有印第安人中最信任別人也最體貼他人的人,然而他們對自己的動物的福利卻好像漠不關心。
例句: What Mr.Jelly said is mostly(=for the most part) correct.
譯文: 杰勒先生說的話大部分是正確的。
5. most+名詞,表示泛指;most of the+名詞,表示特指。
例句: Most Chinese like fast food.(泛指)
Most of the people in this district are fond of CCTV5.(特指)
九、連接代詞
連接代詞包括who, whom, whose, what, which, that。其中除what外,其他連接代詞也可作關系代詞,其區(qū)別在于連接代詞引導的是主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句等名詞性從句,而關系代詞引導的是定語從句。
(一)引導主語從句
例句: That the sun and not the earth is the center of our planetary system was a difficult concept to grasp in the Middle Ages.
分析: 該句是復合句,that the sun and not the earth is the center of our planetary system在句中充當主語。
譯文: 太陽是我們行星系的中心(而不是地球)這一概念在中世紀是很難讓人明白的。
例句: It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience;but this effect is not a part of its original motive. (2009年第46題)
分析: 該句是由轉折連詞but連接的并列句,其中第一個分句中it作形式主語,真正的主語是that the measure of the worth...,of any social institution是worth的后置定語,in enlarging and improving experience是its effect的后置定語。
譯文: 或許可以說,要衡量任何一種社會制度的價值就要看它在豐富和提升人們經驗方面的影響,但是這種影響并不是其最初動機的一部分。
(二)引導賓語從句
例句: He adds humbly that perhaps he was“superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully”. (2008年第49題)
分析: 該句是復合句,that引導的賓語從句結構是he was superior to..., 其中包含了由which引導的定語從句,in noticing things與in observing them carefully是并列結構。
譯文: 他又自謙地說,或許自己“在注意到容易被忽略的事物,并對其加以仔細觀察方面優(yōu)于常人”。
例句: I apologize if I had offended you, but I assure you it was unintentional. (1998年第3題)
分析: 該句是并列復合句,其中短語assure sb. that...意為“向某人保證某事”。
譯文: 如果我冒犯了你,我向你道歉,但我保證那不是故意的。
(三)引導表語從句
例句:One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. (選自2011年Text 1)
分析:該句是復合句。其中,why the appointment came as such a surprise是一個定語從句,修飾reasons,however作插入語,介詞短語as such a surprise作狀語,修飾came;主句的主干部分是One of the reasons is that Gilbert is comparatively little known。
譯文: 然而,該任命顯得如此突然的原因之一就是吉爾伯特比較不為人知。
例句: The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. (選自2006年Text3)
分析: 該句是復合句,that people have failed to...changes是一個表語從句,which have happened in the ocean作changes的定語,because后引導一個原因狀語從句。
譯文: 這個概念是說人們沒有注意到發(fā)生在海洋里的巨大變化,因為人們只是回顧了過去很短一段時間。
(四)同位語從句(通常由that引導,也可由whether,what,when,where,why,how引導,進一步說明其前名詞的具體內容和含義)
例句:Allens contribution was to take an assumption we all share—that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts—and reveal its erroneous nature. (2011年第46題)
分析:該句是復合句,主干部分是Allens contribution was to take an assumption and reveal its erroneous nature。其中we all share是一個定語從句,修飾assumption;that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts是一個同位語從句,與assumption為同位語關系。
譯文:愛倫的貢獻在于他提出了一個公認的假設并揭示了其錯誤本質,即“我們不是機器人,因此我們能控制自己的思想”。
例句: But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the new media. (2007年第48題)
分析: 該句是復合句,其中主干結構為the idea...rests on an understanding..., that the journalist must...an ordinary citizen是the idea的同位語從句。
譯文: 新聞記者應該比普通公民更加透徹地了解法律,但這種看法是基于他們對新聞媒體業(yè)已確立的規(guī)約和特殊責任的理解。
(五)whatever, who(m)ever, whichever
連接代詞what+ever指不定數(shù)目中無論什么,用于物;who(m)+ever指不定數(shù)目中無淪是誰,用于人;which+ever指確定數(shù)目中無論哪一個,用于人或物。
例句: Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made. (選自2008年Part B)
分析: 該句是復合句,主干部分是you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out..., whatever outline you have made作flesh out(使充實、具體化)的賓語,從句中develop...into意思是“發(fā)展成;變成”。前半部分是now that引導的讓步狀語從句。
譯文: 既然你已經將一個主題拓展成了一個初步的論題,那么你就可以整合筆記內容,豐富自己擬定的提綱。
例句: Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the“great game”of espionage—spying as a“profession”. (選自2003年Text 1)
分析: 該句是復合句,whatever tools came to...作using的賓語,破折號后的內容是對espionage的解釋說明。
譯文: 多諾萬認為在職業(yè)間諜活動這一“偉大事業(yè)”中可以利用任何有用的工具。
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