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　　【從句】

　　一、定語從句

　　定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。引導定語從句的關系代詞有that，which，who，whom，whose(of which)，but(who/that…not)，as等，關系副詞有when，where，why，how等。大多數定語從句都對所修飾的名詞或代詞加以限制，去掉該從句后先行詞將意義不全或失去意義。而非限制性定語從句的作用在于補充，翻譯時常常另起一個句子，與主句構成并列句。

　　(一)關系代詞引導的定語從句

　　1。關系代詞that引導的定語從句，that指人或指物，在從句中可以作主語、賓語。多數情況下，可與which互換。

　　【真題例句】In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, theLord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnessesillegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins。(2001完形)

　　【結構分析】本句主干為Lord Irvine will introduce a draft bill…;其中bill由that引導的定語從句that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the

　　amount of publicity…修飾，在從句中，that指代先行詞bill作主語。觀察連詞and，可確定此從句中并列兩個謂語will propose和will control。其中control的賓語the amount of publicity后又跟一個that引導的定語從句that can be given to a case before a trial begins，使用了被動語態，that指代先行詞publicity作主語。句首的介詞短語In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press作全句的狀語。

　　【參考譯文】為了有效地加強對新聞界的法律監控，大法官歐文勛爵將引入一項草案。這項草案將提出付款給證人是非法的，并且要嚴格控制審判前對案件的曝光。

　　【真題例句】The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journalsharder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction ofrefereeing, first by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century. (2001閱讀1)

　　【結構分析】本句的主干是一個完成時的主系表結構The overall result has been… for amateurs，表語由不定式短語to make…harder(使……更難)充當。名詞短語a result that…是主干中主語result的同位語，作用是對其進行補充說明。在此名詞短語中，關系代詞that引導定語從句that has been reinforced by…修飾先行詞result，that在從句中代替result作主語，從句的謂語使用了被動語態。

　　【參考譯文】總體結果是，業余人員在專業地質學刊物上發表論文更難了，這種結果又由于審稿的廣泛引入而變得更糟——19世紀由國家級雜志評審， 20世紀由一些地方地質學雜志評審。

　　【真題例句】There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. (2001-71)

　　【結構分析】本句為there be句型。主干為There will be television chat shows…，and cars…其中shows后由過去分詞結構hosted by robots(作定語)修飾，cars后的介賓短語with pollution monitors作后置定語，該定語中monitors后跟一個that引導的定語從句that will disable them…，關系代詞that指代monitors在從句中作主語。句末的when they offend作從句中的時間狀語。

　　【參考譯文】未來將出現機器人主持的談話節目以及裝有污染監控器的汽車，當汽車污染超標時，監控器就會讓其停止。

　　【真題例句】And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro mechanics,there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with sub millimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. (2002閱讀2)